LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
Class' 


THE 

OCCURRENCE  OF  ALUMINIUM 

IN 

VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS,  ANIMAL  PRODUCTS, 

AND 

NATURAL  WATERS. 


A   CONTRIBUTION  TO   THE  BIBLIOGRAPHY 
OF  THE  SUBJECT. 


BY 

C.   F.   LANGWORTHY,   PH.D., 

^  * 

AND 

PETER  T.  AUSTEN,  PH.D. 


FIRS  T    ED  I  TION. 


NEW  YORK: 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS. 

LONDON  :  CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED. 

1904. 


*« 


Copyright,  1904, 
BY 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS. 


ROBERT  DKUMMOND,    PRINTER,    NEW   YORK. 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  material  included  in  this  contribution  to  the  bibliog- 
raphy of  aluminium  deals  only  with  the  occurrence  of  this 
element  in  vegetable  products,  animal  products,  natural  waters, 
and  a  few  miscellaneous  materials,  such  as  edible  earths.  The 
general  purpose  has  been  to  include  only  reference  to  such 
articles  as  report  separate  determinations  of  aluminium  or 
some  of  its  salts,  and  to  omit  the  very  large  number  in  which 
iron  and  aluminium  are  reported  together.  In  a  few  cases 
analyses  have  been  cited  which  report  "traces"  of  aluminium, 
but  the  bulk  of  this  material  also  has  been  omitted.  In  older 
investigations,  particularly  those  dealing  with  the  mineral 
constituents  of  plants,  data  regarding  aluminium  are  more 
abundant  than  in  later  works,  and  doubtless  some  of  the  alu- 
minium reported  came  from  impure  reagents,  from  dirt  con- 
taminating the  sample,  or  some  similar  cause.  Such  a  criticism 
would  not  be  limited  to  the  constituent  under  consideration, 
but  applies  more  or  less,  in  principle  at  least,  to  many  of  the 
determinations  included  in  early  analytical  work.  The  greater 
part  of  the  material  included  in  the  compilation  does  not  seem 
open  to  that  objection,  for,  as  time  has  progressed,  analytical 
methods  and  chemical  manipulations  have  improved,  and  there 
is  no  reason  why  determinations  of  aluminium  made  within 
recent  years  should  not  be  fairly  good. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  comment  on  the  value  of 
individual  analyses  cited,  as  the  object  of  this  bibliography 
was  the  collection  of  data  rather  than  the  critical  examination 
of  them. 

In  collecting  the  data,  a  systematic  search  has  been  made 
of  the  files  of  the  Journal  of  the  London  Chemical  Society, 


IV  IN  TROD  UCTION. 

The  American  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  The  Analyst,  Jahres- 
bericht  der  Thier-Chemie,  Jahresbericht  der  Agricultur-Chemie, 
Just's  Botanischer  Jahresbericht,  Chemical  News,  Zeitschrift 
fur  Untersuchung  der  Nahrungs-  und  Genussmittel,  Experi- 
ment Station  Record,  the  later  volumes  of  the  Comptes  Rendus, 
de  1' Academic  des  Sciences,  Paris,  Zeitschrift  fur  Physiologische 
Chemie,  the  bulletins  and  other  publications  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  and  the  reports  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Canada,  as  well  as  numerous  scientific  journals, 
bulletins  and  reports  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations, 
reports  of  State  Boards  of  Geology  and  of  Agriculture,  and 
miscellaneous  volumes  on  chemistry,  mineral  .waters,  foods, 
and  other  topics,  including  such  works  as  Wolff's  "Aschen- 
Analysen  von  Landwirtschaftlichen  Producten,  Fabrik-Aus- 
f alien,  und  Wildwachsenden  Pflanzen,"  Konig's  "  Chemie  der 
Menschlichen  Nahrungs-  und  Genussmittel,"  etc. 

In  a  great  many  instances  the  data  found  in  a  periodical 
or  work  of  reference  have  been  verified  in  the  original  publication 
and  so  cited.  All  possible  precautions  have  been  taken  to 
insure  accuracy,  but  those  who  have  engaged  in  similar  work 
know  how  difficult  it  is  to  eliminate  all  error. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION iii 

ALUMINIUM  IN  VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS I 

ALUMINIUM  IN  ANIMAL  PRODUCTS 49 

ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL  WATERS 51 

ALUMINIUM  IN  MISCELLANEOUS  MATERIALS 131 

INDEX 133 


OF  THE 

(  UNIVERSITY 

OF 


JFORNl^.* 


ALUMINIUM  IN  VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 


Aderholdt  (Ann.  Chem.  u.  Pharm.,  82  (1852),  p.  in)  reports 
6.1  per  cent  ash  in  the  dry  matter  of  a  club  moss  (Lycopodium 
chamaecyparissus)  gathered  in  March,  of  which  51.85  per  cent 
was  said  to  be  A1203,  and  57.364  per  cent  A12O3  in  the  ash  (4.5 
per  cent  total)  of  a  sample  gathered  in  November.  A  club  moss 
(L.  dcwatum)  was  found  to  contain  in  dry  matter  4.7  per  cent  ash, 
26.65  Per  ceirt  being  alumina.  No  alumina  was  found  in  other 
plants  of  the  same  region  (near  Bonn),  such  as  oak,  fir,  and  beech. 

Allen,  A.  H.  (Analyst,  13  (1888),  p.  41;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  54  (1888),  p.  631),  concedes  on  the  statements  of 
analysts  that  aluminium  is  present  in  minute  proportions  as 
a  normal  constituent  of  wheat,  the  amount  corresponding  to 
about  8  grains  of  alum  in  a  four-pound  loaf  of  bread.  A 
method  for  determining  the  alumina  present  is  proposed. 

Andreasch,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  n.  ser.,  18  (1878),  pp. 
204-207),  studied  the  ash  of  different  parts  of  the  garden  pink 
and  rose.  The  following  is  quoted: 

ALUMINIUM  IN  CERTAIN  PLANTS. 


Total  Ash. 

A1203. 

Garden  pink  (Dianthus  caryophyllus)  : 
Root     

Per  Cent. 
•5.64 

Per  Cent. 
2  .  «;6 

Stem 

q    26 

trace 

Leaves                                                

4   44 

Flower                                      

c  .  en 

Garden  rose  (Rosa  remontana)  : 
Root 

2   04. 

trace 

Stem                                                       .    .    . 

2     ^I 

Leaves                                            

0.47 

Flowers      

6.27 

Apoiger  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Chem.,  6,  p.  481;  Jahresb. 
Chem..  1857,  p.  530)  found  7.76  per  cent  ash  in  the  seed  of 
Maesapic'a  dried  at  100°.  This  contained  0.98  per  cent  A12O3. 


2  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

Athenstaed,  W.  (Ber.  Deut.  Bot.  Gesell.,  3  (1885),  p.  57; 
Just's  Bot.  Jahresbericht,  1885,  pt.  i,  p.  81),  reports  the  ash 
analyses  of  a  mixtiire  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit  of  Labrador 
tea  (Ledum  palustre)  according  to  the  method  of  Grandeau  and 
Fresenius.  The  crude  ash  constituted  3.95  per  cent  of  the 
total  dry  matter  and  of  this  1.17  per  cent  was  A12O3.  The 
pure  ash  constituted  2.77  per  cent  of  the  total  dry  matter  and 
of  this  1.67  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Baer,  W.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  66,  p.  285;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1851,  p.  826;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  710,  Tab's  C  and  C,  p. 
708),  reports  in  rape-seed  (dry  material)  6.98,  5.97,  5.93,  and 
4.58  per  cent  ash  respectively,  containing  0.56,  1.02,  0.60,  and 
0.49  per  cent  alumina  respectively.  He  also  reports  4.47  and 
4.41  per  cent  total  ash  in  rape-straw  (dry  material)  with  respect- 
ively 0.63  and  0.22  per  cent  alumina. 

Bailey,  E.  H.  S.  (Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  n  (1887-8),  p. 
49),  found  that  the  ash  of  corn-cobs  contained  a  "  little  over 
one  per  cent  of  ash,"  2.02  per  cent  of  this  being  A12O3. 

Bastin,  E.  S.,  and  H.  Trimble  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  69  (1897), 
pp.  90—97),  in  an  article  on  North  American  Coniferae,  report 
that  the  bark  of  hemlock  (Tsuga  canadensis)  (air-dry)  con- 
tains 1.42  per  cent  ash.  Alumina  was  a  consituent  of  this; 
the  amount  not  reported. 

Baudrimont,  E.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  42,  p.  388;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1862,  p.  512),  reports  23.28  per  cent  ash  in  eel-grass 
(Zostera  marina}.  Of  this  0.26  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Be*champ,  A.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  73,  p.  337; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  24  (1871),  p.  855),  notes  a  trace  of 
alumina  in  the  ash  of  yeast*  the  total  ash  in  the  dry  yeast 
being  9.730  per  cent. 

Bell,  J.  Carter  (Analyst.  4  (1879),  pp.  126-133),  reports 
that  in  four  analyses  of  flour  called  No.  2  Crown  and  ground 
from  a  mixture  of  English  and  California  wheat,  he  found 
0.021  and  0.017,  0-020  and  0.024  per  cent  respectively  of 
aluminium  phosphate.  Five  pounds  was  made  into  bread, 
the  crumb  containing,  according  to  analyses,  o.on  per  cent 
aluminium  phosphate.  A  Russian  and  a  Ghirka  flour,  which 
the  author  states  were  "coarse  grains  flours  such  as  a  good 
baker  would  not  like  to  use,"  contained  respectively  0.58  and 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  3 

0.592  per  cent  ash,  with  0.016  per  cent  aluminium  phosphate 
in  each  case.  Bread  was  made  from  2.75  pounds  of  the 
Russian  flour.  The  coarse  brown  loaf  contained  o.oio  per 
cent  of  aluminium  phosphate.  Other  samples  of  flour  were 
examined  as  follows  (the  ash  content  and  aluminium  phos- 
phate content  only  being  quoted) 


ALUMINIUM  PHOSPHATE  IN  FLOUR. 


Kind  of  Flour. 

Ash. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate. 

i    One  Crown  flour 

Per  Cent. 
0.628 
.604 

•52 
.448 
.488 
.484 
•  438 
.492 
.380 
.368 
.476 
.488 
.610 
.580 
.700 

•592 
.440 

.400 
.672 

1-44 
.680 

.500 

.516 
.480 
.368 

Per  Cent, 
o  .018 
.0204 
.009 
.007 
.005 
.004 
.010 
.013 
.007 
.OO2 
.OIO 

.012 
.Oil 
.Ol62 
.0059 
.0163 
.OO62 

.OOI 
.0023 
.0058 
,00l8 

.OOI 

.0008 
.0078 
.0049 

.0015 
.009 

.0087 
.016 
.0106 

.004 

.004 

.001 

2    Two  Crown  flour 

3    Three  Crown  flour  .        .    . 

4    Four  Crown  flour.        

5    Five  Crown  flour  

6    White  English  wheat,  1877  

7    Red  English  wheat   1877 

8    American  spring  wheat 

9    American  red  winter  wheat 

to    Empress  Hungarian 

ii.  Residue  flour,  from  1,2,3  mixture  of  Crown.. 
1  2    Bran  flour  

1  3    Ijxhaust  flour 

14    Russian  flour  

i  =5    Egyptian  flour    

1  8.  Flour,  English  and  foreign  wheat,  f  English, 
\  foreign  principally  Californian     .... 

19    Straws  made  in  Salford         .                 

20.  Coarse  flour,  or  seconds,  containing  bran  
21    White  flour  made  in  Salford  
22.  Peerless  flour  made  by  Banaman,  Sherman 
&  Co    Rochester  New  York 

23.  Gilt  Edge,  made  by  Chase,  Bristol  and  Bide, 
Rochester                      ,  .  .  .  . 

24    Californian  flour          

25.  White  English   1878  

26    Purchased  in  Salford                                    .    .    . 

27    Purchased  in  Salford                               .... 

28.  Two  Crown  flour,  total  produce  of  wheat  — 
40  per  cent   Red  English,   30  per  cent 
Californian  White    30  per  cent  Canadian 
White                                                  . 

.260 
.76 
.26 
.300 

.448 
.520 

29.  Bran  flour  from  Two  Crown  Mixture.       
30.  Two  Crown  flour,  less  5  per  cent  bran  flour..  . 
31    PA  Campbell  San  Francisco      

32    J   F    Salem  Mills  United  States 

33    Albany  City  Mills  United  States 

4  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

Thirty-two  samples  of  bread  purchased  from  bakers  in 
Salford  were  analyzed,  the  crumb  being  used.  The  amount 
of  moisture  and  aluminium  phosphate  follows : 


ALUMINIUM  PHOSPHATE  IN  BREAD  * 


Kind  of  Bread. 

Moisture. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate. 

Sample  No   i 

Per  Cent. 
46    10 

Per  Cent. 

Sample  No   2 

4  ^    OO 

Sample  No   3   

4  ^     ^O 

Sample  No  4  .    . 

40    30 

OO2  2 

Sample  No.  5  

OO  3O 

Sample  No  6 

46   oo 

Sample  No  7 

44     ^O 

Sample  No   8      ,     

4.6    OO 

Sample  No  9   

46  oo 

OO4O 

Sample  No.  10  

4  ^     ^O 

oo  3  1 

Sample  No.  1  1  

46  50 

oo  c;  2 

Sample  No   1  2 

46  oo 

Sample  No   13             .... 

46   oo 

Sample  No  14.  .         

46   oo 

0026 

Sample  No.  15.  .       

4.6   20 

0028 

Sample  No.  16  

OO4  ^ 

Sample  No   17 

46    ^o 

Sample  No   18 

4.Q     ^O 

Sample  No   19            

4-7     ^O 

Sample  No  20.  .       

46    ^o 

OO  ^7 

Sample  No.  21.  .       

4.7    2O 

OO42 

Sample  No.  22  

46    <0 

OO68 

Sample  No   23 

AC      CQ 

Sample  No   24 

4.6    OO 

Sample  No  25  

4  ^     3O 

Sample  No.  26  

46     2O 

OO4.A 

Sample  No.  27  

44   50 

oo  38 

Sample  No   28 

Sample  No  29 

A  r     eo 

Sample  No  30   

4.4    ^O 

Sample  No   31  

44    OO 

Sample  No.  32  

4.6    OO 

^ 

The  amount  of  aluminium  phosphate  found  in  some  samples 
of  bread  which  did  not  contain  alum  was  as  follows:  0.005, 
0.004,  °-°°5>  0.003,  o.oio,  o.oio,  0.009,  o-oio,  0.009,  and  0.008 
per  cent. 


*The  inference  is  that  these  breads  contained  no  added  alum. 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 


In  the  following  table  the  amount  of  total  moisture  and 
aluminium  phosphate  in  a  number  of  samples  of  bread  known 
to  contain  no  added  alum  is  quoted  from  more  complete  analyses 
reported  by  Bell. 

ALUMINIUM  PHOSPHATE  IN  BREAD. 


Bread  made  from 

Ash 
Moisture. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate. 

One  Crown  flour                                       

Per  Cent. 

4C     OO 

Per  Cent. 
O  .003 

Two  Crown  flour                      

4C  .OO 

.01  1 

Three  Crown  flour          .           

40  .  oo 

.ooq 

Four  Crown  flour        

38  .00 

.004 

Five  Crown  flour 

16    co 

OO22 

White  English  wheat                                             

T.6     QO 

004 

Red  English  wheat                                       

ju  .  yw 

7.Q     SO 

.OOC  T, 

Russian  Flour                                                

42  .  7O 

.OOC  3 

50  per  cent  English  Red,  50  per  cent  Canadian 
White                         .             

42  .  co 

.0082 

Pure  ^Vhite  Canadian 

42      CO 

oo3C 

Canadian  Semolina 

AT.    OO 

OOT.2 

50  per  cent  English  Red,  50  per  cent  Semolina.  .  .  . 
California  flour                                          

43.00 

47  .  co 

.009 
.0100 

One  Crown  flour                               

46  .  co 

.0031 

Four  Crown  flour                         

4C  .00 

•  OOC3 

The  author  states  that  in  view  of  these  results  he  thought 
it  would  be  of  interest  to  trace  the  aluminium  from  the  wheat 
through  the  various  milling  products.  He,  therefore,  had 
flour,  bran,  etc.,  especially  prepared  from  wheat  which  he 
procured.  From  the  analyses  reported  the  ash  content  and 
aluminium  phosphate  are  quoted  as  follows: 

ALUMINIUM   PHOSPHATE    IN   WHEAT   AND    ITS   MILLING 

PRODUCTS. 


Whe  at  and  its  Milling  Products. 

Ash. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate. 

English  wheat  grown  upon  chalk  soil 

Per  Cent. 
I    72O 

Per  Cent. 

O     OI  T. 

Bran  (  1  8  c  per  cent  of  the  wheat) 

c   640 

.016 

Sharps  (8  c  per  cent  of  the  wheat)                    

2     OOO 

.017 

One  Crown  flour  (26  per  cent  of  the  wheat)  
Four  Crown  flour  (45  per  cent  of  the  wheat)  

•  5°° 

.368 

.007 
.006 

Bell,  J.  Carter  (Analyst,  6  (1881),  pp.  197-201),  reports 
analyses  of  eleven  grape-juices  and  of  various  samples  of  un- 
fermented  and  other  wines.  Among  other  constituents,  the 
aluminium  phosphate  was  determined.  The  amount  of  this 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 


constituent  and  the  total  ash  found  in  the    different  samples 
follows. 

ALUMINIUM  IN  GRAPE-JUICE,    FERMENTED  AND  UNFER- 
MENTED  WINES. 


Total  Ash 
in  100  cc. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate. 

Pure  Grape-juices. 
Black  English  hot-house  grapes                        .  .  . 

Per  Cent, 
o   3  ?6 

Per  Cent. 
o  084 

White  English  hot-house  grapes  

331 

O  s  I 

Almeira   1879  

311 

160 

Almeira,  1880  

.258 

2CI 

French  cluster,   1878.     Chiefly  used  in  the  pro- 
duction of  ordinary  wine 

273 

C  i  2 

Portugese  cluster,  1879.     Purchased  in  England; 
juice  expressed 

2  C  2 

4.33 

Bordeaux,  1880.  Mixture  of  Carfoenet  Sauvignion, 
Malbec  and  Verdat       

208 

•2  cro 

Oporto,    1880.     "The  Bastardo"   from  the  Alta 
Douro  

26l 

I    O2O 

Pineau  (Champagne  grape).     From  the  Cot  d'or... 
Folly  Blanc.     (Cognac  grape)  

.289 
.266 

.653 
I  .178 

Blanquette 

284 

760 

Grenach  No.  i  . 

2QI 

•  / 
78o 

Grenach  No.  2  .    .        ... 

280 

I    70^ 

Grenachft  

30* 

3  8qo 

Clairette  

.348 

2  .<&2 

Congress  (from  Vineland,  N.  J.)  

•  3QC> 

.  22O 

Madeira  Videilho 

ovo 
267 

642 

Madeira  Tinta 

318 

.431 

Fermented  and  Unfermented  Wines. 
"Bell's   unfermented  juice   of   the    vine,"    pure, 
uncolored  fruit           

O  3  3 

2     085 

Unfermented  sherry.  . 

O  3O 

2     2  16 

Unfermented  port  

O34. 

3Q  ^6 

guaranteed  fruit 

I  OO 

?i8 

Selected   unfermented  wine  for  communion  ser- 
vice            

261 

•  ;>  A0 
I    002 

"  Pure  and  unfermented  fruit  of  the  vine  "    .  .    . 

34.2 

I     244. 

Castle  Tent,  an  unfermented  sweet  wine   .  . 

^03 

I     34.1 

Castle  Rota  Tent.     Similar  to  Castle  Tent  
"  Unfermented  wine,  free  from  alcohol,  and  unin- 
toxicating  "  

•570 
2QO 

I  .360 
AO2 

Greek  wine  from  island  of  Scio,  "unfermented  ".  . 
White  grape  wine,  fermented,  from  island  of  Scio  . 
Deidesbeimer,  pale  alcoholic  wine 

.368 

.158 
IS? 

.642. 

•377 

071 

Deidesheimer  Aucolee,  a  pale  alcoholic  wine  
Italian  juice,  from  Palmi,  Calabria  

.194 

347 

.684 
008 

Bergstrand,  C.  F.  ("Ofversicht  K.  Svenska  Vetensk.  Akad. 
Forhandl.,  1875,  PP-  27~37)>  studied  the  effect  of  Swedish  soils, 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  J 

containing  alum,  on  vegetation.  When  the  soil  contained  0.5 
per  cent  alum,  the  common  cultivated  plants  would  not  grow. 
Mountain  raspberry  (Rubus  articus),  however,  grew  and  pro- 
duced fine-tasting  fruit.  The  entire  plant  when  thus  grown 
contained  4.68  per  cent  pure  ash  with  3.47  to  5.59  per  cent  A12O3. 

Berthelot  and  G.  Andr6  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  120 
(1895),  p.  288,  and  Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  ;th  ser.,  5  (1895), 
p.  429)  report,  among  other  data  regarding  the  existence  of 
alumina  in  plants,  the  following  determinations:  Carefully 
washed  alfalfa  roots,  0.127  £m-  or  °-5  Per  cent  °f  Pure  alumina, 
second  sample  0.48  per  cent;  convolvulus  roots,  0.0596  gm.  or 
0.4  per  cent;  Bermuda-grass  roots,  o.on  gm.  or  0.12  per  cent; 
lupine  leaves,  0.013  gm.  or  0.037  per  cent;  and  linden  leaves, 
0.0012  gm.  or  0.0025  per  cent. 

"These  results  indicate  that  alumina  is  present  in  con- 
siderable amounts  in  plants  with  extensive  root  systems,  but 
that  it  remains  largely  in  the  roots  and  is  found  in  only  minute 
quantities  in  the  leaves." 

Bevan,  E.  J.,  and  C.  F.  Cross  (Chem.  News,  42  (1880), 
pp.  77,  91;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1880,  p.  1064)  report  0.6  to  2.0 
per  cent  ash  in  jute  fiber;  of  this,  on  an  average,  5.51  per  cent 
was  A12O3. 

Bitto,  B.  von  (Landw.  Vers.  Stat.,  42  (1893),  369;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  64  (1893),  II,  p.  546),  notes  6.71?  per  cent 
ash  in  the  whole  fruit  of  red  peppers  (Capsicum),  and  5.66  per 
cent  in  the  husk  of  the  ripe  fruit;  these  contained  respectively 
a  trace  and  0.22  per  cent  A12O3. 

Bitto,  B.  von  (Landw.  Vers.  Stat.,  46  (1895),  p.  327),  re- 
ports traces  of  A12O3  in  the  ash  of  red-pepper  fruit,  "paprika." 

Block,  H.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  226  (1888),  p.  953),  reports  the 
ash  content  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves  of  English  ivy  to  be 
6.34,  4.92,  and  12.6  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  dry  matter. 
Of  this  0.371,  0.637,  and  0.312  per  cent,  respectively,  was 
made  up  of  A12O3.  In  this  and  a  majority  of  similar  analyses 
the  other  ash  constituents  are  reported  also. 

Blythe,  A.  W.  (Foods:  Composition  and  Analysis.  London, 
1888,  p.  177),  is  of  the  opinion  that  properly  cleaned  wheat 
contains  no  alumina.  He  believes,  however,  that  particles 
of  clay  and  sand  from  millstones  find  their  way  into  flour,  "and 


8  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

there  is  no  second-class  flour  in  commerce  which  does  not 
contain  some  small  percentage  of  alumina."  He  is  of  the 
opinion  that  the  aluminium  is  present  as  silicate. 

Bobierre  (Barral.  Jour.  Agr.,  1876,  p.  175;  Jahresb.  Agr. 
Chem.,  1875-76,  p.  133)  reports  0.35  per  cent  A12O3  in  the 
material  remaining  after  breaking  hemp. 

Bondurant,  C.  S.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  59(1887),  pp.  122-124), 
finds  that  the  hydrangea  (Hydrangea  arborescens)  contains  3.41 
per  cent  ash,  one  of  the  constituents  being  aluminium  (amount 
not  stated). 

Bondurant,  C.  S.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  59  (1887),  pp.  340-342), 
states  that  the  leaves  of  coltsfoot  (Tussilago  farfara)  contain 
17.10  per  cent  ash,  one  of  its  constituents  being  aluminium 
(amount  not  stated). 

Brandes,  R.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  75  (1853),  p.  269;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1853,  p.  739;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  581),  notes  in 
roots  of  Russian,  Chinese,  old  Austrian,  and  new  Austrian 
rhubarb  (air-dry)  18.2,  8.82,  5.8,  and  5.54  per  cent  ash,  con- 
taining respectively  0.008,  0.015,  0.060,  and  0.015  Per  ceirt 
alumina.  The  Austrian  roots  were  grown  near  Bilitz. 

Brandt  (Wittstein's  Vierteljahressch.,  13,  p.  322;  Jahresber. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  108)  finds  that  the  best  Rheinpfalz  to- 
bacco leaves  contain  20.24  Per  cent  ash.  Of  this  0.216  per 
cent  was  found  to  be  A12O3. 

Bromeis  (Ann.  Landw.,  etc.,  14,  p.  2;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.r 
48,  p.  447;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1849,  pp.  753,  769;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1849,  p.  667  and  Tab.  B,  p.  656)  notes  2.10  per  cent  ash  in  peas 
(dry  matter)  from  Frankenfelde.  Of  this  0.17  per  cent  was 
alumina. 

Brown,  L.  P.  (Amer.  Chem.  Jour.,  n  (1889),  p.  37;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  56  (1889),  p.  543),  notes  in  the  ash  of 
tobacco  screenings,  composed  of  the  small  fragments  of  stems 
and  leaves  which,  with  the  dust,  are  sifted  from  tobacco  during 
manufacture  43.40  per  cent  total  mineral  matter.  This  con- 
tained 0.47  per  cent  A12O3. 

Browne,  C.  A.,  Jr.  (Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.,  58;  Jour. 
Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  23  (1901),  p.  869),  reports  0.30  per  cent 
ash  in  the  flesh  of  ripe  apple.  This  contained  0.80  per  cent 
alumina. 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS,  9 

Bunge,  G.  von  (Ztschr.  Biol.,  41  (1901),  p.  155),  gives  a 
detailed  analysis  of  honey.  It  contains  (when  fresh)  0.0046 
per  cent  A12O3. 

Clarkson,  P.  S.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  59  (1887),  pp.  277-278), 
reports  upon  an  analysis  of  cocoa  shells.  The  total  ash 
amounted  to  9.07  per  cent.  The  author  states  that  in  addi- 
tion to  the  usual  constituents,  it  contained  aluminium.  He 
says: 

"This  element  has  not  been  reported  in  some  analyses  of 
the  ash,  but  was  found  by  Wanklyn  in  the  ash  of  cacao." 

Clinch,  J.  H.  M.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  56  (1884),  p.  131), 
reports  an  analysis  of  the  leaves  of  New  Jersey  tea  (Ceanothus 
americanus).  The  dry  leaves  contained  10.9  per  cent  moisture 
and  5.31  per  cent  ash.  This  was  made  up,  according  to  the 
author,  of  chlorides,  sulphates,  phosphates,  and  carbonates  of 
potassium,  calcium,  magnesium,  aluminium,  etc.  with  silicates. 

Colby,  G.  E.  (California  Station  Rpt.,  1898-1901,  pt.  II, 
p.  25 2),  reports  analyses  of  hops  grown  in  California.  Ukiah 
hops  contained  5.80  per  cent  ash  and  Wheatland  hops  8.65 
per  cent.  The  ash  contained  respectively  2.15  and  2.16  per 
cent  Al.2O3.Fe2O3.  The  Wheatland  hop  soil  (fine  earth)  con- 
tained from  6.24  to  15.42  per  cent  Fe2O3  and  from  2.57  to 
9.79  per  cent  A12O3  according  to  analyses  made  by  F.  J.  Snow. 

Coppola,  M.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  10,  p.  9;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  37  (1880),  p.  382), found  11.16  per  cent  ash  in  Stereo- 
caulon  vesuvianum.  Of  this  11.13  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Chassevent,  A.,  and  C.  Richet  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci. 
Paris,  117  (1893),  p.  673;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  66  (1894), 
II,  p.  63),  in  a  paper  on  the  influences  of  metallic  salts  on  lactic 
fermentation,  found  that  the  order  of  toxicity  of  the  metals 
studied  was  as  follows:  Mg,  Li,  Ca,  Sr,  Ba,  Al,  Mn,  Fe,  Pb,  Zn, 
Cu,  Cd,  Pt,  Hg,  Ni,  Au,  and  Co. 

Chatin,  A.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  no  (1890),  p.  376, 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  58  (1890),  p.  659),  states  that  truffles, 
contain  from  20.84  to  24.26  per  cent  dry  matter  with  5.62 
to  9.88  ash.  This  contained  traces  of  aluminium. 

Church,  A.  H.  (Chem.  News,  30  (1874),  p.  137,  in  a  paper  on 
the  occurrence  of  aluminium  in  certain  cryptogams),  reports 


IO 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 


investigations  on  the  aluminium  content  of  a  number  of  varie- 
ties.    A   summary   follows. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  CRYPTOGAMS. 


Kind  of  Cryptogam! 

Ash  in 
Dry  Plant. 

A12O3 
in  Ash. 

Club  moss  (Lycopodium  alpinum 

Per  Cent. 
^    68 

Per  Cent. 

•5-5     r  o 

Club  moss  (L  clavatum) 

2    80 

I  c     24 

Club  moss  (L  selago) 

320 

7     20 

Selaginella  martensii  .  .         

ii   66 

o   26 

5  spinulosa  .  .                         

344- 

none 

Horsetail  (Equisetum  maximum)  

2O    O2 

none 

Adder's  tongue  (Ophiglossum  vulgatum) 

8     2< 

none 

Psilotum  tTiquctTum 

f    06 

trace  ^ 

Church,  A.  H.  (Jour.  Botany,  n.  ser.,  4  (1875),  P- 
reports  that  the  ash  of  a  club  moss  (Lycopodium  billardieri) 
(5.46  per  cent  of  the  dry  matter)  contained  no  alumina.  This 
he  considered  the  first  instance  in  which  alumina  has  not  been 
found  in  lycopodium  ash. 

Church,  A.  H.  (Proc.  Royal  Soc.  London,  44  (1888),  p.  121), 
in  an  article  on  the  occurrence  of  aluminium  in  certain  vascular 
cryptogams  discusses  at  length  the  occurrence  of  aluminium  in 
plants  and  reports  a  number  of  analyses.  The  results  follow. 

ALUMINIUM  IN  CRYPTOGAMS. 


Kind  of  Plant. 

Ash  in  Dry 
Plant. 

A12O3  in 
Ash. 

Club  moss  (Lycopodium  cernuum)  

Per  Cent. 

Per  Cent. 
1  6    OQ 

Club  moss  (Lycopodium  phlegm-arid) 

A      08 

O    A  <? 

Club  moss  (L,  billardiert) 

S    4.6 

trace 

Salvinia  natans.  .            .                 

16  82 

i   86 

Marsilea  quadrifoliata    

ii   66 

O     ^4. 

Tree  fern,  New  Zealand  

io  6< 

Moss  (Cyathea  serra) 

2     7O 

o   20 

Fontinalis  antipyretica                                       .  . 

476 

2     82 

Quotations  from  the  author's  discussion  follow. 

"So  far  as  the  materials  at  one's  disposal  warrant  any 
definite  conclusions,  it  may,  perhaps,  be  permissible  to  say 
that  aluminium  is  a  characteristic  and  abundant  constituent 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  II 

of  the  ash  of  many,  if  not  of  all,  the  species  of  terrestrial  Lyco- 
podia;  that  it  is  absent  from  Selaginella  and  from  a  number 
of  other  allied  vascular  cryptogams ;  that  it  is  present  in  notable 
quantity  in  at  least  one  species  of  tree-fern  though  practically 
absent  from  others;  and  that  it  occurs  in  insignificant  amount 
(like  many  other  elements)  in  almost  every  plant  in  which  its 
presence  has  been  carefully  sought  for.  As  to  the  state  of 
combination  in  which  alumina  exists  in  those  plants  in  which  it 
occurs  in  mere  traces,  we  have  very  little  information,  but  in 
the  cereal  grains  and  pulses  it  is  probably  in  combination  with 
phosphoric  acid.  In  Lycopodia  John  states  that  aluminium 
acetate  occurs,  Ritthausen  speaks  of  the  malate,  Arosenius  of 
the  tartrate.  Anyhow,  it  is  easy  to  extract  abundance  of  an 
organic  salt  of  aluminium  by  exhausting  dried  and  pulverized 
Lycopodium  alpinum  with  boiling  water.  So,  in  some  cases,  at 
least,  the  alumina  present  in  these  plants  does  not  exist,  as  silica 
does  in  Equisetum  and  other  highly  silicious  vegetable  structures, 
in  an  insoluble  form.  As  to  the  physiological  function,  if  any, 
of  this  element,  it  is  rash  to  offer  an  opinion.  It  is  just  possible 
that  it  may  serve  to  some  extent  to  neutralize  the  abundant 
organic  acids  of  the  plants  in  which  it  occurs,  and  thus  assist, 
like  the  cognate  element  magnesium,  in  the  metabolic  processes 
of  vegetation." 

In  a  postscript  to  his  paper  he  notes  the  occurrence  of  a 
very  large  quantity  of  alumina  in  the  ash  from  the  caudex  of 
a  tree-fern  (Alsophila  australis) ,  from  Tasmania;  also  more 
than  mere  traces  of  alumina  in  the  ash  of  the  caudex  of  Dicksonia 
squarrosa. 

Councler,  C.  (Landw.  Vers.  Stat.,  29  (1883),  p.  241),  com- 
pared the  ash  of  the  leaves  of  box  elder  (Acer  negundo)  grown 
by  water-culture  method  and  in  soil.  The  former  contained 
in  dry  matter  21.29  Per  cent  asn5  the  latter,  13.29  per  cent, 
with  o.o  and  4.00  per  cent  respectively  of  A12O3. 

Councler  (Bot.  Centralblatt,  40  (1889),  p.  97,  129)  reported 
the  ash  analyses  of  leaves  of  broad-leaved  maple  or  sycamore 
(Acer  Pseu doplatanus) ,  gathered  after  they  had  fallen,  lilac 
(Syringa  vulgaris),  beech-leaves,  gentian  (Gentiana  ciliata), 
bloody  eye  (blut-auge)  (Adonis  aestivalis),  club  moss  (Lyco- 
podium annotinum],  adder's-tongue  (Ophioglossum  vulgatuni), 


12  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

carrot  peel,  winter  rye  seed,  winter  wheat  seed,  potatoes,  stems, 
leaves,  and  fruit  of  mistletoe  (Vis cum  album),  twigs  of  Scotch 
pine  (Pinus  sylvestris),  and  pine  twigs  affected  with  mistletoe. 
In  only  one  of  these,  namely,  Lycopodium  annotinum,  was 
any  aluminium  found.  The  amount  of  this  in  the  ash  was 
1 8. i  per  cent. 

Coupin,  H.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  132  (1901),  p. 
645;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  80  (1901),  II,  p.  335),  in  a  study 
of  the  sensibility  of  higher  plants  to  very  feeble  amounts  of  a 
number  of  mineral  salts,  notes  that  1/50,000  A12  (SO4)3in  distilled 
water  was  toxic  to  wheat  roots,  the  roots  being  injured  by 
this  and  the  other  salts  tested  but  not  killed. 

Crawfurd  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  6,  p.  361 ;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1857,  p.  604;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  530)  notes 
2.6  per  cent  ash  in  the  seed  of  corn  cockle  (Agrostemma  githago). 
Of  this  1.17  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Cugini  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  7,  p.  616;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1878,  p.  940)  regards  alumina  as  one  of  the  elements 
accidentally  present  in  plants,  and  not  as  necessary  for  their 
growth. 

Dafert,  F.  W.  (Relatorio  annual.  Inst.  Agron.  Estado  Sao 
Paulo  et  Campenia  [Brazil],  1893;  Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1894, 
pp.  223-225),  reports  the  ash  analyses  of  a  number  of  grasses. 
One  of  the  panic  grasses  (Panicurn  monostachyum) ,  cut  just 
before  blooming,  contains  20.14  per  cent  pure  ash  in  dry  matter; 
of  this  0.57  per  cent  was  A12O3.  Tickle-grass  (Paniciim  capil- 
lare)  cut  after  blooming  contained  in  the  dry  matter  8.52  per 
cent  pure  ash,  with  2.23  per  cent  A12O3  in  it.  The  A12O3  was 
not  reported  in  the  thirteen  other  varieties  analyzed,  but  was 
included  generally  with  the  Fe2O3. 

Damarfay,  E.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  130  (1900), 
p.  91;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  78  (1900),  II,  p.  235),  states 
that  the  ash  of  Scotch  fir,  silver  fir,  vine,  oak,  poplar,  and 
horn  beam,  when  treated  with  boiling  water,  gives  a  solution 
from  which  hydrogen  sulphide  precipitates  a  brown  material 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  When  examined  with  a  spectro- 
scope such  solutions  showed  the  presence  of  several  metals 
including  a  trace  of  aluminium. 

Dambergis,  A.  K.   (Oesterr.  Chem.  Ztg.,   i    (1898),  p.  479). 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGEJ^ABLE   PRODUCTS. 


reports  the  ash  analyses  of  a  number  of  sorts  of  Greek  tobacco. 
The  following  is  quoted: 

ASH  OF  GREEK  TOBACCO. 


Kind  of  Tobacco. 

Total  Ash. 

A1203. 

Tobacco  from 
Aghias    

Per  Cent. 
18?^ 

Per  Cent. 
0    187 

Almyro  

AtJ  •  /  o 
1823 

177 

Arsos 

1  6  02 

132 

Arta 

14   58 

I  r  i 

Carditza 

1  6   30 

IOO 

Corinth  

12     41 

I  O2 

Epidaure-Limira  

1  6    37 

08^ 

Curytanie  

16  03 

I  31 

Kalavrita 

i  3   70 

008 

Larissa 

ic,   70 

114. 

Locrides        .             .    . 

17    if, 

ic;6 

Messi-Corfou  

IT.     33 

148 

Messolonghi  

20     78 

177 

Nauplia 

21     O3 

I  r  T 

Oros 

1C      A  -J 

1  4O 

Parnassus        .             ...             .    . 

18    s< 

076 

Pharsala   

21     QI 

I  34 

Phthiotis  

10    S^ 

180 

Trikala  

12     65 

IO? 

Trichonia 

2  A     60 

2  C  •? 

Tyrnavo 

17    08 

142 

Volto 

16   20 

I  IO 

Volos                      

IQ     38 

177' 

Vonitza           

20  6  1 

223; 

Xyrochorion 

22     70 

188. 

Tumbek  (Nicotina  per  sic  a)  from 
Argos 

18   85 

212 

Messolonghi 

16  02 

I  ^4 

Nauplia  

18   34 

1^2 

Phthiodis  
Trichonia  

13-13 

20.54 

.  IOO 
.  169 

Daubrawa  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  3,  p.  337 ;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1854,  p.  731;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854,  p.  659)  found 
12.12  per  cent  ash,  containing  25.8  per  cent  carbon  in  shepherds' 
purse  (Capsella  bursa  pastoris)  (air-dry  plant) ;  without  carbon, 
the  A12O3  content  was  0.14  per  cent. 

Dieterich,  E.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  15,  p.  196;, 
Ztschr.  Chem.,  1866,  p.  286;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1867,  p.  271; 
Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  2d  ser.,  7,  p.  165;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will,  1866,  p. 
706),  reports  3.02  per  cent  ash  in  the  dry  flesh  of  sweet  chestnuts 
and  1.845  Per  cent  in  tne  shells,  dried  at  110°;  of  the  former 
0.090  per  cent  being  A12O3  and  of  the  latter  5.793  per  cent. 


14  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

Doolittle,  R.  E.,  and  W.  H.  Hess  (Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc., 
22  (1900),  p.  2 1 8)  note  that  the  ash  of  cider  vinegar  should 
amount  to  not  less  than  0.25  per  cent  and  that  it  contains  a 
trace  of  aluminium. 

Dunnington,  F.  P.  (Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  2  (1880).  p.  24), 
reports  the  ash  constituents  of  eleven  weeds.  The  plants  were 
just  about  to  bloom  when  gathered.  They  are  as  follows: 

ALUMINIUM    IN    WEEDS. 


Kind  of  Plant. 

Pure  Ash. 

A1203. 

No.  i.  Broom  sedge  (A  ndropogon  scoparius).  ... 
No  2  Wiregrass  (Eleusine  Indica) 

Per  Cent. 
2.24 
2     A.  ? 

Per  Cent. 

0  .  20 
O     22 

No.  3.  Blue  thistle  (Echium  vulgare)  
No  4  Potato  weed  (Solanum  carolinense) 

4.60 
2     I'/ 

o  .  56 

O     II 

No  5.  Purslane  (Portulaca  oleracea)  

i    52 

o  4.0 

No.  6.  Sumach  (Rhus  glabra)  
No.  7.  Sassafras  (S.  officinale*)  
No.  8.  Ragweed  (Ambrosia  artemisiczfolia)  
No  9  Mullein  (Verbascum  thapsus) 

1  .48 
1  .41 

i-93 

I     OI 

1-15 

1.26 

0  .00 

I       I  <\ 

No  10  Dock  (Rumex  obtusifolius}* 

i   60 

O    4.  ? 

The  Si02,  A12O3,  Fe2O3,  and  Mn3O4  reported  are  regarded 
as  due  to  dust  adhering  to  the  plants  analyzed. 

Dupre,  A.  (Analyst,  4  (1879),  p.  i),  in  a  paper  on  the  detection 
and  estimation  of  aluminium  in  wheat  flour,  reports  the  exami- 
nation of  twelve  samples  of  flour  purchased  from  reputable 
bakers,  in  which  alum  could  not  be  detected.  A  four-pound 
sample  of  each  of  these  flours  contained  aluminium  as  follows: 

No.  i,  0.63  grains;  No.  2,  1.26  grains;  No.  3,  1.80  grains; 
No.  4,  1.41  grains;  No.  5,  2.30  grains;  No.  6,  1.07  grains; 
No.  7,  1.62  grains;  No.  8,  2.79  grains;  No.  9,  2.79  grains; 
No.  10,  2.50  grains;  No.  n,  2.05  grains,  and  No.  12,  3.72 
grains. 

Ebert,  A.  E.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  17,  p.  438; 
Jahrb.  Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  815),  reports  51.476  per  cent  ash  in 


*  An  abstract  of  this  investigation  (Jahresber.  Agr.  Chem.,  1882, 
p.  141)  gives  figures  for  the  ash  analysis  of  stickweed  (Verbesina  sieges- 
beckia),  3.53  per  cent  being  the  pure  ash  content  and  0.15  per  cent  the 
A12O3.  No  analyses  of  stickweed  appear  in  the  original  publication. 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  15 

the   air-dry  seeds   of  anatto    (Bixa  orelland).     This   contained 
0.808  per  cent  alumina. 

England,  J.  W.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  55  (1883),  p.  246), 
studied  a  myrtle  (Myrtus  cheken)  and  found  4.84  per  cent  ash 
in  stems  and  8.4  per  cent  in  leaves.  Both  contained  aluminium. 
The  amount  was  not  stated. 

Enz  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  5,  p.  196;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  393;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  691)  notes 
i  per  cent  ash  in  the  fresh  berries  of  honeysuckle  (Lonicera 
xylosteum).  Of  this  o.i  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Eylerts,  C.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  9,  p.  529 ;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1860,  p.  561),  found  6.57  percent  ash  in  air-dry  "German 
worm  seed"  (Semen  cince),  i.e.  the  unexpanded  flower  heads 
of  wormwood  (Artemisia  maritima  var.  Stechmanniana) .  Of 
this  2.33  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Eylerts,  C.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  109,  p.  105;  Viertel- 
jahressch. Prakt.  Pharm.,  n,  p.  517  ;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1862,  p.  154; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  512),  reports  the  following  in  red  beets: 

Beets  from  Munich  dried  at  110°: 

Root,  total  ash,  13.  4  per  cent,  A12O3  in  ash,  0.28  per  cent; 
leaves,  total  ash,  20.86  per  cent,  A12O3  in  ash,  0.12  per  cent. 

Beets  from  Weyenstephen  dried  at  110°: 

Root,  "total  ash,  11.27  per  cent,  A12O3  in  ash,  0.25  per  cent; 
leaves,  total  ash,  15.57  per  cent,  A12O3  in  ash,  1.99  per  cent. 

Falco,  C.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  15,  p.  509;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1867,  p.  142;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  709), 
reports  8.3  per  cent  ash  in  the  bark  of  Petalostigma  quadrilo- 
culare,  containing  0.047  per  cent  A12O3. 

Fraas,  H.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  15,  p.  338; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  710),  reports  3.149  per  cent  ash 
in  the  dry  leaves  of  Gastrolobium  bilobum,  a  leguminous  plant 
of  West  Australia  reported  to  be  poisonous.  Of  this  1.145 
per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Frankforter,  G.  B.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  69  (1897),  p.  134), 
reports  that  poke-weed  (Phytolacca  decandra)  root  contains 
13.38  per  cent  ash.  Of  this  1.62  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Fritsch,  K.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  27  (1889),  p.  193),  studied 
the  ash  constituents  of  several  plants.  A  boletus  (Boletus 
edulis}  contained  9.20  per  cent  dry  matter,  of  which  7.32  per 


1 6  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

cent  was  pure  ash.  A12O3  constituted  0.02  per  cent  of  the 
latter.  The  amount  of  pure  ash  in  the  dry  matter  (the  amount 
not  stated)  of  Polysaccum  pisocarpiurn  was  5.28  per  cent.  Of 
this  A12O3  constituted  1.35  per  cent. 

Gabba,  L.  (Trattato  di  analysi  chimica,  Vol.  II,  p.  514),  in 
discussing  the  aluminium  content  of  wine,  reports  that  it  does 
not  occur  in  excess  of  o.oi  per  cent.  Ricciardi  notes  that  he 
has  demonstrated  the  occurrence  of  alumina  in  wine  and  has 
found  0.13  gm.  in  479  gms.  grape  seed  (equal  to  0.0027  Per 
cent). 

Gasparin,  P.  v.  (Barral.  Jour.  Agr.,  2  (1875),  P-  410;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1875-76,  p.  139;  Centbl.  Agr.  Chem.,  8  (1875), 
p.  249),  reports  1.375  percent  Al2O3in  soil  and  none  in  alfalfa. 

Gaze,  R.  (Apoth.  Ztg.,  5  (1900),  p.  9;  Just's  Bot.  Jahres- 
bericht.,  1890,  I,  No.  i,  p.  51),  reports  that  the  root  of  golden 
seal  (Hydrastis  canadensis) ,  dried  at  100°,  contains  0.3259  per 
cent  A12O3. 

Glenk,  R.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  63  (1891),  p.  328),  reports 
a  study  of  water-hemlock  (Cicuta  maculata}.  The  fruit  dried 
at  1 1 o°  lost  10  per  cent  in  weight.  The  ash  amounted  to  6  per 
cent  and  contained  20  per  cent  A12O3. 

Gmelin  (Anorganische  Chemie,  2,  i,  p.  608)  notes  that  the 
ash  of  wild  plants  often  contains  alumina,  and  cites  the  follow- 
ing: eel-grass  (Foster a  marina)  0.27  per  cent;  alga  (Cladophora 
glomerata)  0.31  per  cent;  wormwood  (Artemisia  maritimd) 
1.5  per  cent,  chickweed  (Arenaria  media}  1.03  per  cent;  chick- 
weed  (Arenana  r  libra)  1.92  per  cent;  plantain  (Plantago  media) 
0.63  per  cent,  corydalis  (Corydalis  bulbosa).  3.88  per  cent; 
heather  (Erica  vulgaris]  2.3  per  cent;  "Weigmann"  0.51  to 
0.84  per  cent,  morel  (Morchella  esculcnta)  1.32  per  cent; 
"  Birkenschwamm "  3.73  per  cent;  edible  mushroom  (Chloran- 
giuni  jussuffii)  11.9  per  cent,  turf-moss  (sphagnum)  3.0  to  8.0 
per  cent,  Lyco podium  clavatum  26.65  anc^  Lyco podium  chamae- 
cyparissus  51.85  per  cent  alumina. 

Other  Cryptogams  contain  alumina,  notably  Gyrophora, 
Cladonia,  Usnea,  and  Cetrarid. 

Gobley  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  37,  p.  19;  Jour.  Chim.  Med., 
4th  ser.,  6,  p.  129;  Rev.  Chim.  Appliquee,  2,  p.  6;  Vierteljah- 
ressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  9,  p.  567;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1860,  p.  587; 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  \J 

Chem.  News,  2,  p.  119;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  550)  notes 
the  occurrence  of  alumina  in  the  root  of  Kava  root  (Piper 
mcthysticum) . 

Godeffroy,  R.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  10  (1877),  p.  297; 
Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1877,  p.  118),  reports  a  trace  of  A12O3 
in  the  ash  of  cockle-burr  (Xanthium  spinosum). 

Griffiths,  A.  B.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  131  (1900), 
p.  422),  reports  the  percentage  composition  of  a  number  of 
medicinal  plants.  Several  contained  alumina  as  follows:  Sar- 
saparilla,  o.i  per  cent;  Cardamon,  o.i  percent;  "Chine,"  0.13 
per  cent,  and  Rhatany,  o.i  per  cent. 

Guerrieri,  F.  (Staz.  Sper.  Agr.  Ital.,  34  (1901),  p.  338),  in 
an  article  on  the  value  of  grapevine  branches  as  a  feed  for 
farm  animals,  reports  a  total  of  2.9053  per  cent  ash.  Of  this 
0.0650  was  found  to  be  aluminium  sesquioxid.  The  propor- 
tions in  hay  are  given  as  total  ash,  8.0259,  aluminium  ses- 
quioxid, 0.2340;  in  straw,  total  ash,  6.0584,  aluminium  ses- 
quioxid, 0.2778  per  cent. 

Hadelich,  W.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1881,  p.  394;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  42  (1882),  p.  121),  found  in  white  wine  from  Erfurt 
0.281  per  cent  ash  which  contained  a  trace  of  A12O3. 

Harms,  E.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  88  (1856),  p.  165;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  944;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  690),  notes 
6.05  per  cent  ash  in  air-dry  Kousso  (Bray era  anthelmintica) 
containing  1.97  per  cent  A12O3. 

Harms,  E.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  1858,  p.  137;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1858,  p.  443;  Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1858-59,  pp.  64, 
65),  reports  the  following: 


ALUMINIUM  IN  CERTAIN  PLANTS. 


Kind  of  Plant. 

Water. 

Ash 
in  Fresh 
Material. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate 

in  Ash. 

Chickweed  (Arenaria  media)  whole  plant  in 
bloom                                   

Per  Cent. 
83.48 
79-52 

73-  '85 

Per  Cent. 
4.60 
3-91 
5-°4 
2.56 

Per  Cent. 
2  .01 
1.13 
o  .69 

4-05 

Plantain  (Plantago  maritima)  green  portion  . 
Plantain  (Plantago  maritima)  seed      

Chickweed  (Arenaria  rubra)  entire  plant.  .  .  . 

1 8  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

The  ash  was  said  to  be  not  quite  free  from  the  soil  on  which 
the  plants  were  grown.  The  aluminium  content,  therefore,  is 
regarded  as  too  large. 

Harper,  H.  W.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  53  (1881),  p.  209), 
in  a  study  of  fragrant  sumach  (Rhus  aromatica),  identified 
aluminium  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  ash  of  the  bark. 
The  total  ash  was  13.85  per  cent. 

Hebert,  A.  (Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  3d  ser.,  13,  p.  927;  Jour.  Chem. 
Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  494),  notes  the  occurrence  of 
alumina  in  the  sap  of  the  banana  tree,  Musa  paradisica. 

Heller,  C.  F.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  59  (1887),  p.  68),  reports 
5.5  per  cent  ash  in  Bryony  root,  containing  7.5  per  cent  moist- 
ure. The  ash  was  found  to  contain  aluminium  in  addition 
to  other  mineral  constituents,  amount  not  stated. 

Herapath,  T.  J.  (Jour.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc.  England,  n,  pt.  i, 
p.  93;  Quart.  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  3,  p.  193;  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm. , 
76>  P-  383J  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  647,  666,  671,  Tab.  A,  B  and 
D,  p.  661),  notes  the  occurrence  of  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the 
ash  of  wheat,  the  total  ash  in  dry  material  being  2.30  per  cent, 
and  0.07  per  cent  alumina  in  the  ash  of  oats,  the  total  ash  in 
the  dry  material  being  3.06  per  cent.  He  also  reports  a  trace 
of  alumina  in  the  ash  of  horse  bean  (Vicia  faba)  seed,  total 
ash,  4.3  per  cent  of  dry  material  and  traces  in  ash  of  eddoes 
or  taro  (Arum  (Colocasia)  esculentum)  and  yams  (sweet  potato) 
(Convolvulus  batatas)  containing  respectively  1.647  Per  cent  asn 
and  1.51  per  cent  ash  in  the  fresh  materials. 

Hermann,  J.  C.  (Viertel.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  18,  p.  481;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1869,  p.  796),  notes  0.5851  per  cent  alumina  in 
the  ash  of  ergot  (Secale  cornutum) ;  the  amount  of  total  ash  is 
not  stated. 

Herrmann,  J.  C.  (Viertel.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  1869,  p.  481 ;  Amer. 
Jour.  Pharm.,  42  (1870),  p.  143),  reports  2.201  per  cent  ash  in 
ergot.  Aluminium  phosphate  is  noted  as  a  constituent  of  the. ash. 

Hertwig  (Chevallier  et  Baudrimont's  Dictionnaire  des  altera- 
tions, Paris,  1878,  p.  1132)  notes  the  occurrence  of  9.04  per 
cent  calcium,  magnesium,  iron,  manganese  phosphates  and 
aluminium  phosphates  in  Havana  tobacco  and  17.95  Per  cent 
of  calcium,  magnesium,  iron,  manganese,  and  aluminium  phos- 
phates in  the  ash  of  Hanover  tobacco. 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  19 

Herzberg,  W.  (Dingler's  Polytech.  Jour.,  277,  p.  478  (Ausz); 
Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  9,  p.  758  (Ausz);  Chem.  Centbl.,  1890, 
II,  p.  186;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1890,  p.  2877),  reports  17.47  per  cent 
ash  in  the  fibers  of  the  baobab  tree  (Andansonia  digitata)  used 
for  paper  making.  Of  this  0.14  per  cent  was  alumina. 

Hoeven,  J.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  55  (1888),  p.  253),  in  a 
study  of  cheken  leaves,  reports  9.48  per  cent  ash.  The  portion 
insoluble  in  H2O,  but  soluble  in  HC1,  amounted  to  5.61  per  cent. 
This  contained  aluminium ;  amount  not  stated. 

Hohn,  H.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  139  (1869),  p.  213;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1869,  p.  771),  reports  3.24  per  cent  ash  in  the 
stem  and  6.61  in  the  leaf  of  Ophelia  chirata;  of  this  1.47  and  4.35 
per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Hollandt,  H.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  10,  p.  321! 
Jahresber.  Agr.  Chem.,  1861-62,  p.  60),  reports  1.2035  percent 
A12O3  in  the  ash  of  the  bark  of  Millingtonia  hortensis. 

Hooper,  D.  (Pharm.  Jour,  and  Trans.,  1887,  Jan.  8;  Amer. 
Jour.  Pharm.,  59  (1887),  p.  86),  reports  a  study  of  the  ash  of 
cinchona  bark.  As  shown  by  the  average  of  three  hundred 
determinations,  such  bark  (from  India),  contained  3.42  per 
cent  ash.  The  ash  of  C.  officinalia  and  C.  succirubra  grown  on 
the  Nilgiris  contained  respectively  2.70  and  4.24  per  cent  A12O3. 

Huber,  L.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.  7  (1875),  p.  394;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1875-76,  p.  136),  reports  0.250  per  cent  A12O3  in 
the  ash  of  the  rind  of  the  root  of  elder  (Sambucus  nigra),  the 
ash  being  equal  to  11.717  per  cent. 

Irby,  J.  R.  McD.,  and  J.  A.  Cabell  (Chemical  News,  1874, 
p.  117,  Centbl.  Agr.  Chem.,  6  (1874),  p.  366)  note  the  presence 
of  some  A12O3  with  the  Fe2O3  in  six  sorts  of  Virginia  tobacco. 

Jackson,  D.  D.  (Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  21  (1902),  p.  681), 
reports  the  results  of  a  study  of  the  precipitation  of  iron,  man- 
ganese and  aluminium  from  natural  waters  by  the  action  of 
bacteria,  viz.,  Crenothrix  kuhniana,  C.  manganifera,  and  C. 
ochracea,  respectively.  Dr.  Jackson  states  that  each  of  the 
three  species  seems  to  exercise  a  selective  power  in  precipitat- 
ing the  special  oxid  ascribed  to  it,  and  that  about  one-third  of 
the  dry  organism  is  composed  of  the  oxid  selected,  whether 
iron,  manganese,  or  aluminium.  He  reports  analyses  of  the 
precipitate  due  to  the  three  species  in  three  different  waters: 


20 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 


PRECIPITATE  CAUSED  BY  CRENOTHRIX  SP.  FROM 
DIFFERENT  WATERS. 


Fe2O3. 

Mn2O3. 

A1203. 

Si02. 

Alumin- 
ium 
Sili- 
cate. 

Unde- 
termin- 
able 
Mineral 
Matter. 

Organic 

Matter. 

Crenothrix  kiihniana 
from  filter  gallery, 
Ipswich    River, 
Mass 

Per  Ct. 
*i    6 

Per  Ct. 

Per  Ct. 

c  .  7 

Per  Ct. 
II  .  I 

Per  Ct. 
10  .4 

Per  Ct. 
4  .  2 

Per  Ct. 
•?7    O 

Crenothrix   mangani- 
fera,  filter   gallery, 
Charles     River, 
Newton,  Mass  
Crenothrix  ochracea, 
driven    wells    at 
Oconee,    Brooklyn, 
New  York 

14.4 
14.    7 

33-9 

i-5 

•2-2  .  -2 

12.5 

C  .  Q 

8.0 
7.6 

1.8 

2  .  T, 

27.9 
36     2 

The  waters  in  which  the  crenothrix  species  grew  were  an- 
alyzed. They  contained  alumina  (parts  per  million)  as  follows  : 
Water  from  filter  gallery,  shore  Ipswich  River,  Reading,  Massa- 
chusetts, 0.6;  water  from  filter  gallery,  shore  Charles  River, 
Newton,  Massachusetts,  0.5,  and  water  from  driven  wells, 
Oconee,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  2.0. 

Jessler,  A.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  17,  p.  266, 
Jahresber.  Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  807),  reports  13.18  per  cent  ash 
in  the  rhizome  of  dog-bane  (Cynanchum  monspeliacum).  This 
is  reported  to  contain  alumina;  the  amount  is  not  stated. 

Hassall,  J.  (Food  Adulteration,  p.  617),  reports  4.80  per  cent 
ash  in  anatto.  This  contained  0.20  per  cent  alumina  (with  a 
trace  of  iron). 

Kane  (Phil.  Mag.,  3d  ser.,  31,  pp.  36,  105  ;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chim., 
41,  p.  434;  32,  p.  354;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1085) 
reports  total  ash  as  follows  in  flax  stems  (treated  in  different 
ways)  from  Ireland,  Holland,  Belgium,  etc.,  4.237,  5.434,  3.670, 
5.151,  and  5.000  per  cent.  Of  this  0.44,  0.44,  0.72,  1.44,  and 
6.08  per  cent  respectively  was  alumina. 

Karmrodt,  C.  (Ztschr.  Landw.  Ver.  Rheinpreussen,  1864, 
p.  427;  Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1864,  p.  98),  determined  the 
constituents  of  the  ash  of  a  number  of  Coniferae.  Larch  needles 
(Pinus  larix)  contained  0.264  per  cent;  Scotch  pine  needles 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  21 

(P.   sylvestris)    0.125    Per   cent,  and   fir  needles   (Abies  excclsa] 
1.427  per  cent  A12O3. 

Kayser,  R.  (Repert.  Analyt.  Chem.,  1883,  p.  289;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1883,  p.  349), in  an  article  on  fruit  and  fruit  juices, 
reports  traces  of  A12O3  in  the  juice  of  red  and  white  currants 
(containing  respectively  0.38  and  0.5  per  cent  ash)  and  of 
strawberries. 

Kayser,  R.  (Repert.  Analyt.  Chem.,  1883,  p.  182;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1883,  p.  1407),  analyzed  dry  blueberries,  reporting  in 
them  0.005  per  cent  alumina. 

Kayser  (Repert.  Analyt.  Chem.,  1882,  p.  242)  finds  that 
the  presence  of  0.3-0.4  grain  of  alumina  per  liter  in  wine  cannot 
:safely  be  taken  as  a  proof  that  alum  has  been  added  because 
it  takes  into  solution  during  its  course  of  manufacture  some 
alumina.  This  is  especially  the  case  when  the  wine  has  been 
cleared  with  kaolin  (silicate  of  alumina),  as  some  wines  dissolve 
small  amounts  of  the  kaolin,  and  hence  contain  alumina  in 
the  form  of  a  soluble  salt. 

Kebler,  L.  F.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  67  (1895),  p.  3 9 8),  in  a 
study  of  the  determination  of  morphine  in  opium,  reports  that 
the  ash  of  crude  morphine  (percentage  amount  not  given) 
'Contained  0.43  per  cent  aluminium  phosphate. 

Keim,  W.  (Ztschr.  Analyt.  Chem.,  30  (1891),  p.  401),  reports 
the  following  amounts  of  pure  ash  in  cherry  (Prunus  cerasus) 
fruit  at  different  times: 

May  21,  0.516  per  cent;  May  28,  0.646  per  cent;  June  19 
(ripe),  0.739  per  cent.  Of  these,  2.55,  0.80,  and  0.81  per  cent 
respectively  was  A12O3. 

Khittel  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  7,  p.  348,  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1858,  p.  530)  found  7.91  per  cent  ash  in  leaves  of  poison- 
ivy  (Rhus  toxicodcndron)  (dried  at  100°).  Of  this  0.49  per 
cent  was  A12O3. 

Knop  (Kreislauf  des  Stories,  1868,  p.  263)  states  that  the 
roots  of  the  Lycopodiae  secrete  besides  carbonic  acid  strong 
organic  acids,  which  dissolve  the  alumina  of  soils,  and  this 
solution  enters  the  root.  The  lichens  also  contain  in  their 
structures  peculiar  crystallizable  acids  which,  by  the  action 
of  reagents,  break  up  into  oxalic  acid  and  a  new  organic  acid. 
The  oxalic  acid  thus  formed  dissolves  the  alumina  and  iron  oxid, 


22  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

and  thus  the  mosses  corrode  the  surfaces  on  which  they  growr 
the  hard  rock  as  well  as  the  dust  that  clings  to  it.  In  this 
way  the  dissolved  alumina  passes  into  the  interior  of  the  moss. 
It  would  seem  a  principle  that  plants  secreting  strong  organic 
acids,  whicji  act  on  surrounding  material,  will  contain  alumina 
and  show  it  in  their  ash. 

Knop,  W.  (Landw.  Vers.  Stat.,  7  (1865),  pp.  436-450), 
reports  31.01  per  cent  ash  (including  15.00  per  cent  sand)  in 
Chlorangium  jussuffii;  this  included  1.90  per  cent  A12O3. 

Other  ash  analyses  of  lichens  which  he  reports  are  quoted 
in  part  as  follows: 

ALUMINA  IN  CERTAIN  LICHENS. 


Kind  of  Lichen. 

Pure  Ash 

in  Dry 
Matter. 

A1203. 

Gyrophora  pustulata  

Per  Cent. 
I    666 

Per  Cent. 
O     34.4, 

Ramalina  jraxinea  from  quartz  porphyry 

2     34.6 

O    O  1  1 

Kresling,  K.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  229  (1891),  p.  389; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  62  (1892),  II,  p.  232),  in  the  pollen 
of  Scotch  pine  (Pinus  sylvestris),  reports  5.51  per  cent  crude  ash, 
equivalent  to  3.0  pure  ash.  This  contained  1.86  per  cent 
A1203. 

Krutzsch,  H.  (Tharander  forstl.  Jahrb.,  6  (1850),  p.  88),  as 
cited  by  Wolf!  (Aschen  Analysen,  Berlin,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  87, 
130),  determined  the  ash  constituents  of  freshly  fallen  fir  needles, 
and  of  dry  twigs,  dry  bark,  dry  cones,  and  moss,  found  in 
the  litter.  The  pure  ash  in  the  several  materials  was  equal 
to  1.601,  1.043,  I-275»  °-477>  and  2.884  per  cent  respectively. 
Of  the  pure  ash  4.20,  8.33,  7.86,  9.20,  and  20.5  per  cent  respec- 
tively was  A12O3.  The  A12O3  is  regarded  as  due  to  earth  present 
in  the  material.  Wolff  states  that  on  an  average  (based  on 
fourteen  analyses)  fir-needle  litter  contains  1.410  per  cent 
pure  ash;  from  o  to  9.98  per  cent  or  on  an  average  3.58  per 
cent  of  this  being  A12O3.  In  this  and  all  the  other  analyses 
cited  from  Wolff  the  complete  ash  analyses  are  given. 


/        or  THE         \ 
I  UNIVERSITY  ) 

V  OF  /' 

\8ftUE2?^' 

ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  2$ 

Longer,  A.  (Ueber  Bestandtheile  der  Lycopodiumsporen. 
Inaug.  Diss.  Erlangen,  1889;  Just's  Bot.  Jahresb.,  1889,  I,  p. 
39),  reports  an  analysis  of  the  spores  of  a  club  moss 
(Lycopodium  clavatum).  These  contained  on  an  average 
1.155  per  cent  of  mineral  matter  with  24.41  per  cent  of 
A12(P04)2. 

Longer,  A.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  27  (1889),  p.  289;  Jah- 
resb. Agr.  Chem.,  1889,  p.  383),  reports  1.15  per  cent  ash  in 
commercial  lycopodium  powder  (L.  clavatum)  which  was  96.67 
per  cent  pure.  Of  this  15.30  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

La  Wall,  C.  H.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  69  (1897),  p.  137), 
in  a  study  of  the  ash  of  various  drugs,  reports  aluminium  as 
a  constituent  of  aconitum  root,  belladonna  leaves,  calumba 
roots,  castanea  leaves,  chimaphila  leaves,  cinchona,  calisaya 
bark,  digitalis  leaves,  frangula  bark,  gelsemium  root,  geranium 
rhizome,  glycyrrhiza  root,  guarana  seed  (crushed),  hops,  hy- 
drangea root,  hydrastis  rhizome,  hyoscyamus  leaves,  jalap 
tuberous  root,  kola-nut,  Piscidia  erythrina  bark,  choke-cherry 
(Prunus  virginiana)  bark,  cascara  (Rhamnus  purshiana)  bark, 
ruta  herba,  sabadilla  seed,  bloodroot  (Sanguinaria)  rhizome, 
dandelion  (Taraxicum)  root,  red  clover  (Trifolium  pratense) 
flowering  tops,  elm  (Ulmus)  bark,  hellebore  (Veratrum  viride) 
rhizome  rootlets,  and  prickly  ash  (Xanthoxylum)  bark.  The 
amount  of  this  and  other  constituents  was  not  determined. 
The  total  ash  was  generally  determined. 

Lermer,  J.  (Dingler's  Polytech.  Jour.,  179,  p.  71;  Bui. 
Soc.  Chim.,  2d  ser.,  6,  p.  429;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  882), 
reports  6.91  per  cent  ash  in  Hungarian  malt  (barley)  sprouts 
and  6.19  per  cent  in  German.  The  ash  contained  respectively 
i. 06  and  0.45  A12O3. 

Lermer  (Wittstein  Viertel.  Jahressch.,  13,  p.  182;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  117)  reports  7.135  per  cent  ash  in  air-dry 
hops;  0.763  per  cent  of  this  was  found  to  be  A12O3. 

Lewitsky,  J.  (Arbeiten  der  dritten  Versammlung  russischer 
Naturforscher  zu  Kiew. —  Vereinigte  Sectionen  der  Botanik 
und  Chemie;  Just's  Bot.  Jahresber.,  2  (1874),  II,  p.  866),  reported 
a  series  of  studies  of  the  relation  of  the  phosphates  of  iron, 
calcium,  and  aluminium  to  plant  growth.  Investigations  have 
shown  that  the  addition  of  calcium  phosphate  to  the  soil  results 


24  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

in  the  formation  of  ferric  phosphate  and  aluminium  phosphate, 
so  that  after  a  time,  even  under  the  most  favorable  conditions, 
practically  only  a  trace  of  calcium  phosphate  remains.  On 
the  basis  of  this  conclusion,  the  author  believes  that  under 
normal  conditions  the  roots  of  plants  have  access  only  to 
iron  phosphate  and  aluminium  phospha'te  and  must  derive 
their  phosphates  from  these  salts.  To  test  the  theory,  culture 
experiments  were  made  with  barley  by  Hellriegel's  method 
(Ann.  Landw.,  38,  p.  296).  Briefly  stated,  the  grain  was 
sown  in  quartz  sand  to  which  nutrient  solutions  were  added. 
These  were  made  up  of  KN03  (or  under  certain  conditions, 
Ca(N03)2),  CaCO3,  NaCl,  MgSO4,  and  Fe2O3,  in  what  were 
deemed  the  proper  proportions.  With  such  a  basal  mixture, 
Fe2(PO4)2,  Ca3(PO4)2,  and  PO4KH2  were  added  in  the  first 
test  of  the  experiments,  while  in  a  control  experiment,  which 
is  described  in  less  detail,  A12(PO4)2  was  also  used.  The  plants 
were  watered  with  water  containing  CO2.  Their  growth  and 
seed  production  is  described  in  detail.  In  the  principal  test, 
the  best  growth  was  made  by  the  barley  grown  with  a  nutrient 
mixture  containing  Fe2(PO4)2.  The  next  best  results  were 
obtained  with  KH2PO4;  the  least  satisfactory,  with  Ca3(PO4)2. 
The  remaining  test  was  not  regarded  as  entirely  satisfactory 
and  gave  results  somewhat  at  variance  with  those  already 
obtained;  but  in  general  it  showed,  according  to  the  auth6r, 
that  A12(PO4)2  had  practically  the  same  effect  as  a  corresponding 
iron  salt  and  that  the  corresponding  calcium  salt  was  not  as 
satisfactory  for  the  plants  as  the  iron  salt. 

L'Hote  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  104  (1887),  p.  853), 
reported  an  investigation  dealing  with  the  detection  and  esti- 
mation of  alumina  in  wine  and  grapes.  Wines  from  seven 
localities  were  found  to  contain  alumina  per  liter  as  follows: 

From  Bourgogne,  0.02  gm. ;  Cher,  0.036  gm. ;  Touraine, 
o.ooo  gm. ;  Roussillon,  0.032  gm.;  Spain,  0.016  gm. ;  Sicily, 
0.012  gm.;  and  from  Aude,  0.016  gm. 

When  prepared  in  the  laboratory,  wine  from  grapes  from 
Huesca  contained  per  liter  0.012  gm. 

From  479  gms.  of  red  grapes  0.013  gm.  alumina  was 
obtained,  while  the  stalks  weighed  6.482  gms.  and  contained 
0.003  gm.  alumina. 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  2$ 

Light,  W.  W.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  56  (1884),  p.  3),  reports 
the  analysis  of  the  fruit  of  prickly  pear  (Opuntia  vulgaris). 
The  ripe  fruit  contained  68.2  per  cent  moisture  and  1.76  per 
cent  ash,  and  contained  phosphate  of  aluminium. 

Lindenmeyer,  G.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prak.  Pharm.,  17,  p.  290; 
Jahrb.  Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  814),  reports  3.5878  per  cent  ash 
in  China  bark  (Cinchona)  from  Puerto  Cabello,  containing 
0.488  per  cent  alumina. 

Huschke,  O.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prak,  Pharm.,  17,  p.  284; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  814),  reports  1.21  per  cent  ash 
in  orange  peel.  This  contained  0.069  Per  cent  alumina. 

Loew,  0.  (The  Physiological  Role  of  Mineral  Nutrients: 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Division  of  Vegetable  Physiology  and  Path- 
ology Bui.  1 8  (1899),  p.  9).  The  possibility  of  the  occurrence 
of  aluminium  salts  in  plants  is  frequently  spoken  of  by 
botanical  writers.  Thus  the  author  cited  says  regarding  mineral 
compounds  found  in  living  organisms :"  Occasionally  there  are 
present  in  plants  small  quantities  of  titanic  and  boracic  acids, 
lithia,  and  alumina,  and  of  the  oxids  of  lead,  zinc,  and  copper.  " 

Luca,  S.  de  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  51  (1860),  p. 
176),  reported  6  per  cent  ash  in  Spanish  moss  (Tillandsia  dian- 
thoidea),  an  aerial  parasite.  This  contained  a  trace  of  A12O3. 

Ludwig,  H.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  52  (1847),  p.  61;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1848,  p.  669;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1095),  found 
2.36  per  cent  ash  in  so-called  "Caraccas"  Sarsaparilla  root, 
purchased  in  Honduras.  Of  this  5.11  per  cent  was  alumina. 

Ludwig,  H.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  i  (1872),  p.  482;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  26  (1873),  p.  525),  notes  A12O3  in  the  ash 
of  different  parts  of  the  coffee  tree  as  follows:  Root  of  young 
tree  in  bearing,  7.85;  root  of  old  tree,  1.59;  leaves,  9.11;  pulp 
of  pericup,  trace;  parchment-like  coating  of  coffee  bean,  4.19; 
coffee  beans  grown  in  gneiss  soil,  2.78  per  cent,  and  coffee 
beans  grown  on  limestone  soil,  a  trace. 

MacDonald,  J.  W.  (Chem.  News,  37,  p.  127,;  Jour.  Chem. 
Soc.  London,  1878,  II,  p.  624),  examined  the  ash  of  cane  and 
beet  sugar  accumulated  from  the  analyses  made  in  a  year  in 
a  large  sugar  refinery,  reporting  among  other  constituents, 
6.90  per  cent  ferric  oxid  and  alumina  in  cane-sugar  ash  and 
0.28  per  cent  in  beet-sugar  ash. 


26  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

Maiden,  J.  H.,  and  H.  G.  Smith   (Jour,  and  Proc.   Roy.  Soc. 

New  South  Wales,  29  (1895),  p.  325)  report,  in  a  silky  oak 
log  (Grevillea  robusta),  a  large  amount  of  a  white  substance 
having  the  appearance  of  whiting.  Some  six  ounces  were 
secured,  but  it  is  stated  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  substance 
must  have  been  lost  and  that  there  is  no  means  of  knowing 
the  total  quantity  originally  present  in  the  cavity  in  the  log. 
Analysis  showed  this  material  to  consist  of  basic  aluminium 
succinate.  The  authors  regard  it  probable  that  the  aluminium 
was  originally  present  in  the  sap  of  the  tree  as  a  malate.  No 
inorganic  acid  was  detected  in  the  sample  analyzed. 

Malaguti,  F.  J.,  and  J.  Durocher  (Ann.  Chim.  et  Phys., 
3d  ser.,  54  (1858),  p.  257,  tables  i  to  4)  report  detailed  studies 
of  the  ash  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  wild  plants  of  different 
families  growing  on  a  variety  of  soils  in  France.  The  oxids  of 
iron,  aluminium,  and  manganese  are  reported  together.  This 
work  is  of  especial  interest  historically. 

Mariani,  G.  (Studi  chimico-agrari  sugli  equiseti,  Studi  e 
ricerche  istituite  nel  R.  Laboratorio  di  Chim.  Agrar.  di  Pisa,  7 
(1888),  p.  69;  Staz.  Sper.  Agrar.  Ital.,  14  (1888),  p.  355;  Just's 
Bot.  Jahresber.,  1888,  pt.  i,  p.  58),  reports  an  analysis  of  a  horse 
tail  (Equisetum  telmateja)  grown  in  Pisa.  This  had  a  water  con- 
tent of  78.033  per  cent.  The  CO2  free  ash  (amount  not  given) 
contained  0.963  per  cent  A12O3. 

Matusow,  H.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  69  (1897),  p.  341),  reports 
aluminium  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  ash  of  broad-leaved 
laurel  (Kalmia  latifolia)  root;  amount  not  stated.  The  total 
ash  was  1.24  per  cent. 

Mayer,  A.,  (Lehrbuch  der  Agricultur  Chemie  3d  Ed.,  1886, 
p.  280)  states  that  aluminium  is  found  in  a  seriesof  plants 
as  a  regular  constituent,  and  frequently  in  not  subordinate 
amounts.  In  Lycopodiuin  complanatum  acetate  of  aluminium 
occurs  in  such  quantities  that  a  lye  made  from  the  plant  can  be 
used  directly  in  dyeing  as  a  mordant.  This  same  salt  has  been 
found  in  wine  grapes;  and  it  is  an  assured  fact  that  various 
parts  of  the  grapevine  on  incineration  leave  in  the  residuum 
aluminium  compounds.  Vauquelin  states  that  he  found  acetate 
of  aluminium  in  the  sap  of  the  birch,  which  at  best  must  be 
considered  as  an  anomaly. 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  2/ 

Minas,  M.  (Zur  Frage  uber  den  Einfluss  pasteurisierten 
Traubensaftes  auf  den  allgemeinen  Stickstoffumsatz,  das  Kor- 
pergewicht  und  die  Darmfaulniss  beim  gesunden  Menschen 
bei  gemischter  Kost.  Inaug.  Diss.  Dorpat,  1900;  Ztschr. 
Untersuch.  Nahr.  u.  Genussmtl.,  4  (1901),  p.  204),  analyzed  a 
pasteurized  grape  juice  (prepared  by  a  Russian  firm  for  medic- 
inal use)  and  found  that  it  contained  0.004  per  cent  of  A19O3. 

Mitscherlich  (Berlin.  Acad.  Ber.,  1847,  Nov.,  p.  430;  Jour. 
Prak.  Chem.,  43,  p.  158;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1848,  p.  337;  Inst., 
1848,  p.  186;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  832)  found  in  one 
of  the  marine  Algae  (Conferva  glomerata)  (dried  at  130°),  12.27 
per  cent  ash;  of  this  0.42  per  cent  was  alumina. 

Moritz,  J.  (Ann.  Oenologie.  4,  p.  153;  Just's  Bot.  Jahresber., 
1874,  II,  p.  855),  studied  the  draft  on  soil  made  by  grapes  of 
the  variety  "Sylvaner. "  The  fresh  wood  contained  50  per 
cent  more  ash  than  the  fresh  fruit.  He  calculated  that  the 
grape  plants  withdrew  35.343  pounds  mineral  matter  per 
morgen  (0.63  acre)  from  the  soil;  of  this  0.05  pound  was  A12O3. 

Muck  (Vierteljahressch.  Prak.  Pharm.,  5,  p.  544;  Chem 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  848;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  690)  notes 
12.5  per  cent  ash  in  the  leaves  of  belladonna  (Atropa  belladonna) 
(dried  at  100°)  containing  o.oi  per  cent  A12O3. 

Munroe,  W.  R.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  70  (1898),  p.  489), 
in  an  analysis  of  the  rhizome  of  an  aralia  (Aralia  calif  or  nica) , 
reports  2.22  per  cent  ash  in  which  aluminium  was  present  in 
the  form  of  phosphate. 

Nettlefold,  P.  (Chem.  News,  55,  p.  191;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1887,  p.  2304),  reports  0.571  per  cent  ash  in  an  edible  fungus 
(Bovista  gigantaea).  Of  this  15.66  per  cent  was  alumina. 

Parodi,  D.  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  10,  p.  667;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  37  (1880),  p.  721),  in  a  cucurbitaceous 
plant,  tayuya  (Trianosperma  ficifolia),  found  1.23  per  cent  iron 
and  aluminium. 

Payen  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  28,  p.  613;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1849,  p.  516;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1849,  P-  4^i)  notes 
0.12  per  cent  insoluble,  and  0.16  per  cent  soluble  ash  in  sugar 
cane.  One  of  the  ash  constituents  was  alumina. 

Peckolt,  T.  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  10,  pp.  343,  383; 
Ztschr.  Oesterr.  Apoth.  Verein,  1879,  pp.  361,  373;  Jahresb. 


28  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

Chem.,  1879,  p.  931), in  a  study  of  the  fruit  of  paw-paw  (Carica 
papaya),  states  that  the  dry  flesh  of  the  fruit  of  one  variety, 
Mamao  femea,  contained  8.457  per  cent  ash.  Of  this  3.857 
per  cent  was  alumina. 

Peckolt,  T.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.  54  (2.  Abt.)  p.  462;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  708),  reports  10.19  Per  ceirt  asn  m  shells  of 
seeds  of  Guarana  (Paulina  sorbilis);  1.704  per  cent  in  seeds 
without  shells  and  2.6  per  cent  in  Guarana  paste;  the  last 
two  contained  respectively  1.06  and  0.82  per  cent  A12O3. 

Penney,  M.  D.  (Chem.  News,  39,  p.  80;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  36  (1879),  II,  p.  556),  studied  the  occurrence  of  alumina 
in  flour  and  wheat,  finding,  he  states,  larger  quantities  than 
are  generally  supposed  to  be  present.  Part  of  this  he  attributes 
to  careless  packing  of  the  wheat.  The  Egyptian  wheat  noted 
below  was  largely  contaminated  with  clay  owing  to  the  manner 
of  packing  in  Nile  boats. 

In  six  samples  of  flour,  he  found  alumina  as  follows,  the 
amount  representing  grains  in  four  pounds:  No.  i,  24.30; 
No.  2,  21.75;  No.  3,  21.25;  No.  4,  17.00;  No.  5,  12.40,  and 
No.  6,  6.34. 

The  aluminium  phosphate  (milligrams  per  100  grams)  found 
in  twenty-two  samples  of  wheat  was  as  follows:  No.  i,  Cal- 
cutta, 24.30;  No.  2,  Calcutta,  21.00;  No.  3,  Calcutta,  18.50; 
No.  4,  Kourish,  27.20;  No.  5,  Kourish,  31.00;  No.  6,  Russian, 
17.20;  No.  7,  Russian,  24.45;  No.  8,  Russian,  13.10;  No.  9, 
Russian,  16.35;  No.  10,  Chicago,  4.00;  No.  n,  Oregon,  4.00; 
No.  12,  English,  5.12;  No.  13,  English,  6.40;  No.  14,  English, 
7.30;  No.  15,  English,  3.80;  No.  16,  Stein,  16.33;  No.  17, 
Stein,  13.24;  No.  18,  California,  3.00;  No.  19,  Mixed  (eleven 
varieties),  15.10;  No.  20,  Egyptian,  as  imported,  167.00;  No.  21, 
Egyptian,  hand-picked,  49.49;  No.  22,  Egyptian,  washed,  14.10. 

Percival,  J.  (Agricultural  Botany,  New  York,  1900,  p.  167), 
notes  the  occasional  presence  of  alumina  in  small  amounts  in 
certain  plants.  In  sea-weeds  bromine  and  iodine,  he  states,  are 
present,  and  many  other  elements  such  as  aluminium,  zinc,  and 
copper  have  been  occasionally  discovered  in  small  quantities 
in  certain  species  of  plants. 

Petter,  K.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prak.  Pharm.,  n,  p.  545; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  511),  found  23.15  per  cent  ash  in  one 


ALUMINIUM  TN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  29 

of  the  common  Algae  (Cladophora  glomerata)  (dried  at  110°).  Of 
this  0.225  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Pfeffer,  W.  (Pflanzen-Physiologie,  2d  ed.,  1897,  Vol.  I,  p. 
43 2),  in  discussing  the  nutrients  of  plants,  makes  in  effect  the 
following  statement:  Aluminium,  although  it  is  so  generally 
distributed,  occurs  in  the  ash  of  most  plants  only  in  small 
amounts.  In  the  case  of  Lyco podium  chamaecyparissus  and 
alpinum,  it  constitutes  22  to  27  per  cent  of  the  ash.  It  is 
also  abundantly  present  in  Chlorangium  jussuffii  according  to 
Wolff  (Aschen  Analysen,  1871,  pp.  134,  136),  while  Church 
found  only  traces  of  it  in  Lyco podium  phlegmaria,  in  Sclaginella, 
etc.  Whether  or  not  aluminium  occurs  in  Lycopodium,  as 
Arosenius  states  in  the  form  of  tartrate,  is  not  definitely 
known. 

Pizzi,  A.  (Staz.  Sper.  Agr.  Ital.,  16  (1888),  p.  737;  17  Vi889  , 
p.  i;  Centbl.  Agr.  Chem.,  19  (1890),  p.  353;  Jahresb.  Agr. 
Chem.,  1890,  pp.  287,  288),  reports  1.80  per  cent  ash  in  white 
truffle  (Tuber  magnatum)  from  the  Apennines,  of  which  6.9 
per  cent  was  A12O3.  In  black  truffle  (T.  melanosporum),  from 
the  same  region,  he  found  2.09  per  cent  ash  of  which  5.3  per 
cent  was  ALjOg. 

Pizzi,  A.  (Staz.  Sper.  Agr.  Ital.,  17,  p.  167;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1889, p.  2109), reports  1.342  per  cent  ash  in  the  morel  (Morchella 
esculenta).  Of  this  3.120  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Ramdohr  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  91  (1857),  p.  129;  Ztschr. 
Pharm.,  1857,  p.  70;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1857,  p.  705;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1857,  p.  515)  notes  3.62  per  cent  ash  in  air-dry  ergot 
(Secale  cornutum)  from  cheat  or  chess  (Bromus  secalinus)  and 
2.91  per  cent  in  ergot  from  rye  (Secale  cereale).  These  con- 
tained respectively  1.09  and  0.33  per  cent  A12O3. 

Reichardt,  E.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  73  (1853),  p.  257; 
Pharm.  Centbl.,  1853,  p.  267;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  581), 
examined  the  leaves,  bark,  and  wood  of  willow  (Salix  vitellina) 
in  autumn  and  spring,  reporting  (per  1000  parts  fresh 
material)  0.05  A12O3  in  autumn  leaves,  and  0.03  in  autumn 
bark  and  wood,  0.03  in  spring  leaves,  and  0.06  in  spring  bark 
and  wood.  He  found  also  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  75  (1853),  p. 
19;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1853,  p.  566;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  584) 
0.39  and  0.46  A12O3.PO5  per  1000  parts  dry  matter  in  thick 


3O  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

(old)  and  thin  (young)  bark,  from  a  willow,  about  five  years 
old,  gathered  near  the  end  of  October,  1852. 

Reichardt,  E.  (Chem.  Bestandtheile  der  Chinarinden,  Braun- 
schweig, 1855;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1855,  p.  631;  Ztschr.  Pharm., 
1856,  p.  25;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  720),  reports  ash  in  the 
following  drugs:  China  flava  fibrosa  (this  and  all  the  others 
dried  at  100°)  1.6338  per  cent;  C.  rubra,  1.6607  Per  cent; 
C.  huanuco,  2.5134  per  cent;  C.  regia  sine  epid.,  1.2236  per 
cent;  C.  regia  cum  epid.,  1.6449  per  cent.  He  reports  alu- 
minium phosphate  in  these  as  follows:  0.0473,  °-°528,  0.0467, 
0.0465,  and  0.0403,  or  re-calculated  and  expressed  in  percentage 
of  total  ash  (according  to  abstracts  for  Jahresb.  Chem.)  1.203, 
1.324,  0.771,  1.580,  and  1.017  per  cent  alumina. 

Reithner  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  4,  p.  382  ;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1855,  p.  723)  notes  4.3  per  cent  ash  in  the  leaves  of 
holly  (Ilex  aquifolium)  dried  at  100°.  Of  this  0.66  per  cent 
was  A12O3. 

Reithner  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  4,  p.  481 ;  Pharm. 
Chem.,  1855,  p.  834;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  724)  notes  4.05 
per  cent  ash  in  the  dry  flowers,  without  anthers,  of  colchicum  or 
autumn  crocus  (Colchicum  autumnale)  and  4.15  per  cent  in 
the  dry  anthers.  The  ash  contained  respectively  0.27  per  cent 
and  a  trace  of  A12O3. 

Ricciardi,  L.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  19  (1889),  p.  150),  studied 
the  aluminium  content  of  the  ash  of  different  portions  of  several 
plants.  He  found  that  the  ash  of  grape-vines  grown  on  clay 
soil  contained  0.85  per  cent  alumina;  on  soil  containing  an  abun- 
dance of  lime,  0.81  per  cent;  and  on  soil  with  a  medium  lime 
content,  1.14  per  cent.  He  also  found  0.218  per  cent  alumina 
present  in  the  ash  of  the  branches  and  twigs,  0.093  m  the  skins 
and  seeds,  and  0.022  in  the  leaves  of  the  mandarin  orange. 
The  ash  of  Indian  fig  fruit,  "prickly  pear"  from  Bari,  contained 
0.063  Per  cent;  from  Catania,  0.092.  The  ash  of  the  rind  of 
the  prickly-pear  fruit  from  Bari  contained  0.148  per  cent; 
from  Catania,  0.167.  The  ash  from  the  flesh  of  St.  John's 
breadfruit  (Ceratonia  siliqua)  from  Bari  contained  0.503  per 
cent;  from  Catania,  0.607;  the  ash  of  the  seeds  from  Bari, 
0.062;  from  Catania,  0.064.  The  ash  of  almond  shells  grown 
near  Bari  contained  0.695  Per  cent  A12O3,  the  ash  of  the  kernels 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  31 

0.138.  The  ash  of  tobacco  leaves  contained  2.151  per  cent 
alumina.  The  seeds  and  skin  of  mandarin  oranges  grown  near 
Cara  contained  in  the  ash  0.121  per  cent  A12O3,  and  white  lupine 
ash  0.042  per  cent  A12O3.  Further,  wine  was  found  to  con- 
tain 0.022  gm.  A12O3  per  liter.  The  author  concludes  that  the 
assimilation  of  alumina  does  not  depend  on  the  percentage 
in  the  soil,  and  that,  generally  speaking,  alumina  is  most 
abundant  in  the  trunk  and  branches,  less  so  in  the  husks  and 
seeds,  and  least  of  all  in  the  leaves. 

Ringer,  F.  A.,  and  E.  Brooke  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  64  (1892), 
p.  255)  report  4.29  and  1.32  per  cent  ash  in  roots  of  true 
and  commercial  pareira  respectively.  Both  contained  A12O3 ;  the 
amount  not  stated. 

Ritthausen,  H.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  53  (1851),  p.  413)  reports 
36.250  per  cent  A12O3  in  the  pure  ash  of  a  club-moss  (Lycopo- 
dium  complanatum) . 

Ritthausen,  H.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  58,  p.  133;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1853,  p.  531;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  586)  reports 
39.07  and  20.69  per  cent  A12O3  in  ash  of  club-mosses  (Lycopo- 
dium  chamaecyparissns  and  L.  clavatum).  The  amount  of  total 
ash  was  not  stated. 

Rode,  C.  (Vierteljahres.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  9,  p.  530;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1861-62,  p.  6 1),  reports  0.15  per  cent  A12O3  in  the 
ash  of  the  leaves  of  cuckoo-pint  (Arum  maculatum).  The 
leaves  contained  a  total  of  88  per  cent  water;  the  water-free 
material,  10.12  per  cent  ash. 

Rotondi,  E.  (Rel.  lav.  esequiti.  lab.  Chim.  R.  Staz.  enoL 
Asti,  1878,  p.  in;  Centbl.  Agr.  Chem.,  8  (1879),  p.  530), 
studied  the  ash  constituents  of  grape  must,  branches,  and 
leaves  from  two  vineyards  near  Asti.  In  every  case  the  vine 
and  leaves  were  selected  after  the  grape  harvest  from  vines 
which  had  borne  fruit.  The  branches  of  Pinot  grapes  from 
Galletria  d'Asti  contained  2.91  per  cent  pure  ash  in  dry  matter, 
of  which  0.13  per  cent  was  A12O3.  Branches  of  Barbara  grapes 
from  Costigliole  d'Asti  contained  3.37  per  cent  pure  ash  in  dry 
matter;  of  this  0.02  per  cent  was  A12O3.  Traces  of  alumina  are 
also  reported  in  branches  and  leaves  of  Barbara  and  Grignolino 
grapes  from  Galleria  d'Asti  and  in  must  of  Barbara  and  must 
and  branches  from  Fresia  grapes  from  Costigliole  d'Asti. 


32  ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

Ruge,  G.  (Apoth.  Ztg.,  1891,  p.  208;  Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem., 
1891,  p.  244),  states  that  floating  buttercup  (Ranunculus  flui- 
tans)  contains  14.349  per  cent  ash  in  the  dry  matter;  0.33  per 
cent  of  this  being  A12O3. 

de  Saussure,  T.  (Recherches  Chimiques  sur  la  Vegetation, 
Paris,  1804)  discusses  the  ash  constituents  of  plants,  and  in 
tables  at  the  end  of  the  volume  reports  the  ash  constituents 
of  a  considerable  number.  From  these  tables  the  following  is 
quoted:  In  the  leaves  and  other  portions  of  a  large  number 
of  trees  and  plants  the  amount  of  aluminium  in  the  ash  was 
less  than  o.oi  per  cent.  The  leaves  of  a  rhododendron  (Rhodo- 
dendron ferrugineum)  contained  3  per  cent  ash  in  the  dry  matter ; 
of  this  0.12  per  cent  was  alumina.  Another  sample  contained 
2.5  per  cent  ash  in  the  dry  matter,  0.12  per  cent  of  this  also 
being  alumina.  The  branches  of  the  same  plants  contained 
0.8  per  cent  dry  matter;  of  this  0.12  per  cent  was  alumina. 
Saussure 's  investigation  is  interesting  chiefly  from  an  histori- 
cal standpoint. 

Sayre,  L.  E.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  69  (1897),  p.  543),  reports 
a  study  of  the  composition  of  dandelion  (Taraxacum)  root. 
A  sample  dried  at  100°  contained  11.13  Per  ceirt  asn-  Of  this 
18.07  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Schazler,  M.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  n,  p.  270; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  514),  found  5.12  per  cent  ash  in  the 
finest  Ceylon  cinnamon  bark  (dried  at  110°).  Of  this  0.55 
per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Schlegel,  C.  E.  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  57  (1885),  p.  426), 
reports  the  analysis  of  the  fruit  of  star  anise  (Illicium  anisatum) . 
The  seed  capsules  contained  10.36  per  cent  moisture  and  3.5 
per  cent  ash.  This  was  made  up,  according  to  the  author,  of 
potassium,  sodium,  iron,  aluminium,  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
phosphoric  acid. 

Schreiner  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  5,  p.  207; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  691),  reports  0.72  per  cent  ash  in  the 
fresh  fruit  of  sloe  or  black  thorn  (Prunus  spinosa).  Of  this 
0.5  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Schriddl,  P.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  1873,  p.  375;  Centbl.  Agr.  Chem., 
5  (1874),  p.  50) ,  reports  the  percentage  of  A12O3  in  the  ash  of  four 
samples  of  tea  leaves  and  two  of  wood  as  follows:  0.810,  1.015, 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  33 

2.226,  2.072,  4.093,  and  2.834.  They  were  from  Java  and  in 
the  case  of  Nos.  3,  4,  and  6  were  affected  with  a  tea  disease. 

Sestini,  F.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  4  (1874),  p.  182;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1874,  p.  906),  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  ash  of  a 
seaweed  (Posidonia  oceanica)  which  is  used  as  a  fertilizer. 

Sestini,  F.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  15  (1885),  p.  107;  Landw. 
Vers.  Stat.,  32  (1886),  p.  197;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1885,  p.  1848), 
studied  the  relation  between  the  atomic  weight  and  the  physio- 
logical functions  of  the  elements.  He  says  in  effect  regarding 
certain  elements,  "Many  elements  which  are  not  yet  regarded 
as  necessary  for  plants  are  found  in  plant  ash,  as  aluminium, 
lithium,  and  fluorine."  He  believes  that  no  element  with  an 
atomic  weight  over  56  enters  directly  into  the  formation  of 
living  material. 

Sestini,  F.  (Stud,  e  Ricer.  Inst.  Lab.  Chim.  Agr.  Pisa,  6, 
p.  87;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1887,  p.  939;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1887, 
p.  2647),  determined  the  aluminium  content  of  a  number  of 
wines.  He  found  per  1000  cc.  in  ordinary  red  wine,  from 
Peccioli  (1884),  0.017  gm-5  in  ordinary  red  wine  from  Ghez- 
zano  (1884),  0.034  gm. ;  in  red  wine  from  Calci  (1884),  0.038  gm.; 
from  Collesalvetti  (1883),  0.006  gm. ;  from  Collesalvetti  (1884), 
0.002  gm. ;  from  S.  Giuliano  (1884),  0.005  gm- '»  an(^  from  S. 
Giuhano  (1885),  0.009  gm-  He  concludes,  therefore,  that  a  natural 
wine  does  not  contain  more  than  0.03  gm.  alumina  per  liter  and 
that  alumina  will  never  exceed  0.2  per  cent  of  the  pure  ash. 

Shepard,  C.  U.  (Trans.  N.  Y.  State  Agr.  Soc.,  1844,  p.  343), 
reports  traces  of  alumina  in  the  ash  of  rice  straw.  He  also 
reports  traces  in  the  ash  of  corn  (grains)  as  quoted  by  J.  H. 
Salisbury  (Trans.  N.  Y.  State  Agr.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  726). 

Smith,  H.  G.,  in  an  article  entitled  "Aluminium,  the  Chief 
Inorganic  Element  in  a  Proteaceous  Tree,  and  the  Occurrence  of 
Aluminium  Succinate  in  Trees  of  this  Species"  (Chem.  News, 
SB  (1903),  p.  135),  reports  the  occurrence  of  a  large  deposit  of 
basic  aluminium  succinate  of  the  formula  A12(C4H4O4)3A12O3  in 
the  center  of  a  silky  oak  tree  3  feet  in  diameter  (Orites  eoccelsa) 
from  Queensland.  The  ash  of  the  wood  farthest  from  the 
deposit  contained  79.61  per  cent  alumina.  The  large  deposit 
was  regarded  as  a  natural  effort  to  get  rid  of  a  surplus  of  alumina 
not  needed  by  the  tree. 


34  ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

Three  other  samples  of  the  same  kind  of  tree  from  northern 
New  South  Wales  were  examined  and  in  the  ash  of  all  a  large 
amount  of  alumina  was  found,  the  quantity  ranging  from  36  to 
43  per  cent.  Much  of  the  alumina  in  the  ash  was  present  as 
a  potash  salt  soluble  in  water,  and  as  no  carbonate  of  potash 
was  found  "it  is  supposed  that  the  potassium  aluminate  was 
originally  present  in  the  tree  as  such." 

As  no  alumina  was  found  in  the  ash  of  Grevillea  robusta, 
G.  helliana,  and  G.  striata,  the  author  believes  that  it  is  probable 
that  the  tree  reported  to  contain  it  in  an  earlier  article  by 
J.  H.  Maiden  and  himself  (see  page  26)  was  O.  excelsa  and  not 
G.  robusta,  as  stated  at  the  time. 

Smith,  A.  Percy  (Chem.  News,  28,  p.  261,  324;  Jahresber. 
Chem.,  1873,  p.  851),  reports  (by  difference)  1.459  per  cent 
alumina  and  lithium  carbonate  in  the  ash  of  Havana  tobacco. 

Smith,  Watson  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  37  (1880),  II, 
p.  416),  analyzed  the  ash  of  two  varieties  of  eucalyptus  wood, 
E.  rostrata  contained  2.25  per  cent  ash  and  E.  globuhts  2.01 
per  cent.  The  former  contained  0.78  per  cent  ferric  and 
aluminic  phosphate,  the  latter  1.07  per  cent.  In  the  latter 
a  trace  of  A12O3  was  also  noted. 

Snyder,  H.  (Chemistry  of  Plant  and  Animal  Life,  1903, 
Easton,  Pa.,  p.  168),  says:  "Aluminium  is  found  in  the  ash 
of  many  plants,  as  wheat,  peas,  beans,  and  rice,  although  it 
occurs  in  very  small  amounts  and,  so  far  as  known,  is  not 
essential  for  plant  growth.  Most  soils  contain  traces  of  soluble 
silicates  of  aluminium,  and  hence  plants  cannot  well  be  free 
from  it." 

Solms-Laubach,  Graf  (Ann.  Chem.  u.  Pharm.,  100  (1856), 
p.  297),  reports  2  per  cent  A12O3  in  the  ash  of  a  lycopod  (Lyco- 
podium  denticulatum) . 

Speiss,  E.  (Wittstein's  Vierteljahresschrift,  9,  p.  392;  Jahr- 
esber. Agr.  Chem.,  1 860-61,  p.  59),  analyzed  the  ash  of  the 
bark  of  the  root  of  the  pomegranate  and  the  root-stalks  of  male 
fern.  The  ash  of  the  former  contained  a  trace  of  A12O3  and 
that  of  the  latter  0.071  per  cent. 

Staffel,  E.  (Preisschrift.  Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  64,  I,  p.  129; 
Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  76,  p.  379;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1850,  p.  897, 
1851,  p.  146;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  661  and  Table  D,  p.  66i)r 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS.  35 

in  a  study  of  the  question  whether  the  inorganic  constituents 
of  different  organs  of  a  green  plant  varied  at  different  seasons, 
reports  alumina  in  ash  as  follows:  Horse-chestnut  wood 
(autumn),  0.23  per  cent;  bark,  0.18  per  cent;  leaves  (spring), 
0.41  per  cent;  leaves  (autumn),  0.51  per  cent.  The  total  ash 
in  the  above  (dry  material)  was  3.38,  6.57,  7.69,  and  7.52  per 
cent  respectively.  He  also  reports  alumina  in  ash  of  English 
walnut  bark  (autumn),  0.29  per  cent;  leaves  (spring),  0.18  per 
cent;  leaves  (autumn),  0.06  per  cent.  The  total  ash  in  the 
above  (dry  material)  was  6.403,  7.719,  and  7.005  per  cent 
respectively. 

Stoklasa,  J.  (Ann.  Agron.,  23  (1897),  p.  588),  in  connection 
with  a  study  of  the  condition  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  soil 
made  laboratory  experiments  with  salts  of  known  composition 
which  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  water-soluble  portion 
of  superphosphates  never  contains  acid  ferrous  phosphate,  this 
salt  changing  almost  immediately  upon  its  formation  into 
di-tri-ferriphosphates  of  varying  composition  insoluble  in 
water.  The  addition  of  ferrous  salts  to  soluble  phosphates 
results  in  the  formation  of  di-tri-ferriphosphates  unless  an 
excess  of  free  phosphoric  acid  is  present.  Acid  ferric  phos- 
phate may  be  found  in  superphosphates  only  when  there  is 
at  least  30  per  cent  of  free  phosphoric  acid  present.  If  this 
is  not  the  case,  the  acid  ferric  phosphate  may  be  transformed 
into  mono-di-tri-ferriphosphate,  Fe2O3(P2O5)2.8H2O. 

"It  is  thus  seen  that  the  retrogression  of  phosphoric  acid 
in  superphosphate  is  very  largely  dependent  upon  the  free 
phosphoric  acid  present.  Aluminium  salts  do  not  behave  like 
iron  salts  in  superphosphate,  but  like  the  salts  of  lime  and 
magnesia. 

"Pot  experiments  with  barley  on  a  fertile  soil  containing 
0.63  per  cent  calcium  carbonate  and  2  per  cent  of  humus  and 
treated  with  different  phosphates  of  calcium,  aluminium,  and 
iron  showed  that  the  effect  of  the  acid  phosphates  of  these 
elements  was  almost  the  same.  The  tribasic  phosphates  were 
about  one-half  as  effective  as  the  acid  phosphates.  The  effect 
of  the  normal  reverted  phosphates  was  about  one-half  greater 
than  that  of  the  tribasic  phosphates." 

Other  conclusions  regarding  phosphates  were  drawn. 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 


Strawinski,  J.  Frank  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  70  (1898),  p.  189), 
finds  that  the  ash  of  the  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  plantain 
(Plantago  major)  amounted  to  24.70  per  cent  and  contained 
alumina  in  addition  to  other  constituents. 

Strohecker,  R.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  26.  ser.,  145,  p.  131;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  24  (1871),  p.  428),  in  an  article  on  chemical 
substitution  in  plants  discusses  analyses  by  Wittstein  of  water 
from  the  Ohe  and  Isar  rivers  and  of  the  ash  of  Fontinalis  anti- 
pyretica  taken  from  these  waters.  The  river  waters  contained 
respectively  0.016  and  0.2250  per  cent  total  solids;  in  that 
of  the  Ohe  water  0.108  per  cent  was  A12O3.  The  plants  from 
the  two  rivers  contained  22.60  and  9.88  per  cent  ash  respectively, 
of  which  9.272  and  1.6 1 6  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Struckmann  (Ann.  Chim.  Pharm.,  97,  p.  143;  Jour.  Prakt. 
Chem.,  68,  p.  379;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1856,  p.  187;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1856,  p.  687)  found  9.2  per  cent  ash  in  the  root  (Wedel)  of 
male  fern  (Aspidium  filix  mas)  (dried  at  100°),  and  8.1  per  cent 
in  that  of  asplenium  (A.  filix  femina),  the  ash  containing 
respectively  2.40  and  2.20  per  cent  A12O3. 

Teller,  G.  L.  (Arkansas  Station  Bulletin  42,  pp.  75,  77), 
reports  complete  analyses  of  whole  wheat,  wheat  flour,  and 
other  milling  products,  the  samples  being  all  obtained  from 
the  same  lot  of  winter  wheat  grown  in  Arkansas.  The  data 
regarding  alumina  follow: 

ALUMINA    IN    ASH    OF  WINTER  WHEAT    AND    ITS    MILLING 

PRODUCTS. 


Patent 
Flour 

Straight 
Flour. 

Low 
Grade 

Dust- 
room. 

Ship- 
stuff. 

Bran. 

Wheat. 

Total  ash 

PerCt 

O     31 

Per  Ct. 
o  40 

Per  Ct. 
o  .  70 

Per  Ct. 
2  .  tro 

Per  Ct. 
3.o8 

Per  Ct. 

C  ,2Z 

Per  Ct. 
1.62 

Aluminium    oxid    in 
ash                 

.41 

•  I  "> 

.  12 

.04 

.18 

.07 

.  II 

The  presence  of  alumina  in  wheat  has  been  attributed  to 
the  wearing  down  of  the  millstones.  On  this  point  Professor 
Teller  says: 

' '  This  could  not  have  been  a  source  of  the  material  in  these 
mill  products,  as  the  wheat  was  crushed  entirely  by  iron  rollers, 
and  an  examination  of  the  amounts  of  alumina  found  in  the 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  tf 

mill  products  and  in  the  whole  grain  indicate  that  it  is  no  more 
foreign  to  the  true  ash  than  any  of  the  other  constituents 
named.  To  bring  further  proof  on  this  point,  100  gms.  of 
the  unground  wheat  was  carefully  washed  with  distilled  water 
and,  after  drying,  was  burned  without  being  pulverized.  The 
same  amounts  of  both  alumina  and  zinc  were  found  as  in  the 
wheat  which  had  not  been  washed.  It  seems  a  little  remarkable 
that  the  zinc  should  have  accumulated  to  the  greatest  extent 
in  the  ash  of  the  bran,  while  the  alumina  and  silica  should  have 
reached  their  largest  proportion  in  the  ash  of  the  finer  flours. 
Alumina  is  found  to  be  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  mineral 
waters  of  this  State." 

To  ascertain  whether  alumina  is  present  in  the  ash  of  wheat 
grown  on  a  very  sandy  soil,  a  sample  of  wheat  was  obtained 
which  had  grown  on  a  sandy  soil  in  Michigan.  This  was 
examined  for  alumina  and  none  was  found 

Thielau  (Vierteljahresschr.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  4,  p.  537;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1855,  p.  8n;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  728)  found 
3.33  per  cent  ash  in  ergot  (Secale  cornutum)  dried  at  100°.  Of 
this  0.29  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Thomas,  Mason  B.  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Science,  1893, 
p.  239),  in  a  report  on  the  study  of  the  ash  of  trees  makes  the 
following  statements: 

"The  substances  usually  found  in  the  ashes  of  all  trees 
when  burned  at  a  low  temperature  are  potash,  soda,  lime, 
magnesia,  and  iron  (K2O,  Na2O,  CaO,  MgO,  Fe2O3)  in  com- 
bination with  phosphoric  acid  (P2O5),  sulphuric  acid  (SO3), 
chlorine  (Cl),  carbon  dioxide  (CO2),  and  silica  (Si02);  iodine 
(I),  aluminium  (Al),  and  manganese  (Mn)  are  often  present. 
One  portion  of  these  mineral  constituents  exists  in  solution 
in  the  sap  and  the  other  in  the  tissue  of  the  plant  in  the  solid 
form." 

The  author  reports  the  ash  constituents  usually  deter- 
mined, but  does  not  report  the  amount  of  aluminium  present. 
His  experiments  were  made  with  common  forest  and  fruit  trees. 

Tod,  W.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  78  (1854),  p.  136;  Jour. 
Prakt.  Chem.,  62,  p.  503;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1854,  p.  452;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1854,  p.  665),  found  that  the  flesh  of  plum  (Prunus 
domestica)  made  up  93  per  cent  of  the  fruit  and  the  pit  7  per 


38  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

cent.  The  fresh  flesh  contained  0.407  per  cent  ash,  0.003 
per  cent  being  A12O3. 

Tollens  (Jour.  Landw.,  50  (1902),  p.  231)  states  that  alu- 
minium is  always  present  in  very  small  quantities  in  grain. 

Trimble,  H.,  and  H.  J.  Schuchard  (Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  57 
(1885),  p.  21)  report  the  analysis  of  the  tops  and  leaves  of 
water  pepperwort  (Polygonum  hydropiper).  The  ash  consti- 
tuted 7.4  per  cent  of  the  total  plant  and  contained  aluminium 
phosphate. 

Tschirch,  A.  (Gartenzeitung,  1883,  p.  34),  reports  in  hyacinth 
(Hyacinikus  orientalis)  io.ii  per  cent  dry  matter  and  8.5787 
per  cent  pure  ash.  The  A12O3  in  the  ash  was  0.8871  per  cent. 

Tucker,  G.  M.,  and  B.  Tollens  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch., 
32  (1899),  p.  2575;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  78  (1900),  II. 
p.  35)  note  Al2O3.Fe2O3  in  plane-tree  leaves. 

Vielguth  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  5,  p.  187;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  423;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  690)  notes 
7.6  per  cent  ash  in  bed  straw  (Galium  mollugo)  (whole  plant). 
This  contained  0.3  per  cent  A12O3. 

Volcker,  A.  (Rpt.  i9th  Meeting  British  Association;  Notes 
and  Abstracts,  p.  43,  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p,  672  and  Table 
D,  p.  661),  notes  1.97  per  cent  alumina  in  the  ash  of  Armeria 
maritima  (green  plant?).  The  amount  of  total  ash  was  not 
stated. 

Wallace  (Analyst,  3  (1878),  p.  243)  reports  that  the  ash  of 
sugar  made  from  cane  growing  near  the  seacoast  in  Demerara 
contained,  in  addition  to  other  constituents  enumerated, 
0.65  per  cent  aluminium.  The  amount  of  total  ash  is  not 
stated. 

Walz  (Jahrb.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  15,  p.  65;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1847-48,  p.  1083;  and  Table  B,  p.  1074)  reports  ash  as  follows 
in  grapevine  and  leaf :  Clevner,  6.19  per  cent;  Riesling,  7.74  per 
cent;  Drollinger,  6.00  per  cent.  Of  this  1.15,  0.91,  and  i.oo  per 
cent  respectively  was  aluminium  phosphate. 

Wanklyn,  J.  A.,  and  W.  J.  Cooper  (Bread  Analysis,  London, 
1886,  pp.  22,  24,  25)  state  that  according  to  their  analyses 
the  ash  of  flour  contains  1.3  per  cent  Fe2O3  and  A12O3  together. 
In  eight  samples  of  flour  analyzed,  100  gms.  of  material  yielded 
from  o.oi  to  0.02  gm.  of  phosphate  of  iron  and  alumina.  In 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  39 

eight  samples  of  bread,  the  ash  in  100  gins,  of  material  .ranged 
from  0.890  gm.  to  1.742  gms. ;  the  phosphates  of  iron  and 
alumina  from  0.006  gm.  to  0.014  gm. 

Warden,  C.  J.  H.  (Chem.  News,  38,  p.  146;  Jahresber.  Agr. 
Chem.,  1878,  p.  1 06),  reports  a  trace  of  A12O3  in  the  ash  of  opium 
from  Behar,  India. 

Warden,  C.  J.  H.  (Chem.  News,  39,  p.  27;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1879,  p.  927),  reports  0.9701  per  cent  A12O3  in  the  ash  of  poppy 
leaves  or  petals  used  to  wrap  up  opium.  The  total  amount 
of  ash  is  not  stated. 

Warden,  C.  J.  H.  (Chem.  News,  64  (1891),  p.  161),  reports 
24.334  per  cent  ash  in  the  leaves  (dried  at  100°)  of  prickly 
chaff  flower  (Achyranthes  aspera),  an  Indian  weed.  Of  this 
2.0651  per  cent  was  A12O3.  The  author  says  that  there  was 
considerable  soil  which  it  was  not  possible  to  separate  from 
the  leaves.  This  would,  of  course,  increase  the  A12O3  content. 

Wasowicz,  D.v.  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  3dser.,  io,pp.  301,  341, 
463;  Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  14  (1879),  p.  193;  Jahresb.  Chem., 

1879,  p.  927),  notes  the  presence  of  aluminium  in  the  ash  of 
the  root  of  an  aconite    (Aconitum  heterophyllum).     The  total 
ash  was  equal  to  2.331  per  cent.     The  root  of  another  aconite 
(Aconitum  japonicnm)  contains  2.799  percent  ash.     Aluminium 
is  reported  as  a  constituent  of  this  also. 

Watts,  H.  (Phil.  Mag.,  3d  ser.,  32,  p.  54;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1847-48,  p.  1077;  and  Table  A,  p.  1074),  reports  6.5  per  cent 
ash  in  hop  blossoms;  of  this  1.18  per  cent  was  alumina. 

Way,  J.  T.,  and  G.  H.  Ogston  (Jour.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc.,  n,  pt.  2, 
p.  497;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  666,  Table  A,  p.  660)  note 
1.90  per  cent  ash  in  rye  (dry  material).  Of  this  0.50  per  cent 
was  alumina. 

Weber,  R.,  and  E.  Ebermayer  ("Lehre  der  Waldstreu," 
Berlin,  1876.  Cited  by  Wolff  in  "Aschen  Analysen,"  Berlin, 

1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  87,  130)  determined  the  A12O3  in  fir  litter,  i.e. 
needles,  etc.,  under  fir  trees.     The  pure  ash  in  eleven  analyses 
ranged  from  1.07  to  2.00  per  cent.     From  1.09  to  9.98  per  cent 
of  the  total  pure  ash  was  found  to  be  A12O3. 

Weber  and  Ebermayer  ("Lehre der  Waldstreu,"  Berlin,  1876. 
Cited  by  Wolff  in  "Aschen  Analysen,"  Berlin,  1880,  pp.  100, 
131)  also  give  figures  showing  that  the  pure  ash  of  white  pine 


4O  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

litter  ranges  from  1.99  to  5.27  per  cent.  Of  this  1.44  to  7.02 
per  cent  was  found  to  be  A12O3. 

Wefers-Bettink,  H.  (Rev.  Trav.  Chim.  Pays-Bas,  2,  p.  126; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1883,  p.  1496),  analyzed  "Legen,"  a  Japanese 
drug,  which  has  been  said  to  consist  largely  of  the  excrement 
of  an  insect,  "  Dendang."  He  concluded  that  it  was  of  vegetable 
origin  and  probably  prepared  from  the  seed  of  some  strychnin- 
yielding  plant.  Legen  contained  16.88  per  cent  ash,  of  which 
A12O3  was  one  of  the  constituents. 

Weigelt,  C.  H.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  106  (1869),  p.  193), 
reports  10.5  per  cent  pure  ash  in  one  specimen  of  Parmelia 
scruposa;  of  this  28.171  per  cent  was  found  to  be  A12O3. 

Wellborn,  G.  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  9,  p.  181;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc/London,  1878,  II,  p.  1009),  in  a  paper  on  the  detec- 
tion of  alum  in  flour  states  that  too  much  allowance  has  been 
made  for  alumina  in  wheat,  as  it  is  not  an  invariable  constituent. 

Wheeler,  C.  Gilbert  (Erdman's  Journal,  94,  p.  385;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  114),  reports  traces  of  A12O3  in  the  ash  of 
nine  varieties  of  Bavarian  hops. 

Will  and  Fresenius  (Chevallier  et  Baudrimont,  "  Dictionnaire 
des  alterations,"  Paris,  1878,  p.  1131)  note  the  occurrence  of 
alumina  in  the  ash  of  Hungarian  tobacco. 

Winternitz  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  4,  p.  542; 
Pharm.  Centbl.,  1855,  p.  820;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  722) 
found  8.88  per  cent  ash  in  dandelion  (Leontodon  taraxacum) 
(whole  plant  without  root,  dried  at  moderate  temperature). 
Of  this  0.402  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Witting  (Keller  and  Tiedemann's  Nord.  American  Monats- 
ber.  Pharm.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  404;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  712, 
Table  C,  p.  708)  reports  in  ash  of  birch  "No.  76  "  1.38  per  cent 
alumina  and  in  "No.  74"  0.42  per  cent,  and  in  ash  of  beech 
"  No.  75  "  0.05  per  cent.  The  amount  of  total  ash  is  not  stated. 

Wittstein  (Repert.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  46,  p.  329 ;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1847,  p.  739;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1082;  and  Table  A, 
p.  1074)  reports  1.56  per  cent  ash  in  green  leaves  of  Virginia 
creeper  (Vitis  hederacea) ;  of  this  0.07  per  cent  was  alumina. 

Wittstein  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  3,  p.  10;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1854,  p.  12;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  579)  reports 
1.13, 1.98,  and  2.92  per  cent  ash  in  the  bark  of  pine  trees  (Scotch 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 


pine)  (Pinus  silvestris),  220, 172,  and  135  years  old,  respectively, 
which  grew  on  the  sandy  soil  of  the  "Hauptmoor, "  near  Bam- 
berg,  the  ash  containing  respectively  10.12,  4.49,  and  3.08 
per  cent  A12O3.  The  wood  from  the  trunks  of  these  trees 
contained  0.45,  0.58,  and  0.42  per  cent  ash  with  respectively 
0.92,  0.72,  and  0.26  per  cent  A12O3. 

Wittstein  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  4,  p.  525;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1855,  p.  722)  reports  two  analyses  (the  first  by  Nut- 
zinger;  the  second  by  Thielau)  of  the  ash  of  heather  (Calluna 
vulgaris)  (whole  plant,  without  root,  in  bloom):  sample  "a," 
grown  on  moorland,  contained,  air-dry,  2.876  per  cent  ash  with 
0.844  per  cent  A12O3,  and  sample  "b,"  grown  on  sandstone, 
contained,  air-dry,  3.324  per  cent  ash  with  0.513  per  cent  A12O8. 

Wittstein,  G.  C.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  in,  p.  14;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1862,  p.  509),  reports  the  following: 

ALUMINA  IN  CERTAIN  PLANTS. 


Kind  of  Plant. 


Reindeer   moss    (Cladonia  rangiferina)    dried   at 

1 60°;  from  Riefs,  near  Passau 

Reindeer    moss    (C.   rangiferina)    from    Frauen- 

berge 

Reindeer    moss  (C.  rangiferina)   from  neighbor- 
hood of  Sterz  

Lichen    (Variolaria    dealbatd)    from    Barenstein- 

leithe,  near  Grafenau;  not  well  cleaned 

Old  man's  beard  ( Usnea  barbatd)  from  Grafenau .  . 
Lichen  (Gyrophora  pustulatd)  from  Veitsberge.  .  .  . 
Iceland  moss  (Cetraria  islandica)  from  Bavarian 

forest 

Sphagnum   moss    (Sphagnum   cuspiaatum)    Irom 

Upper  Bavaria 

White  birch  (Betula  alba)  from  Bavarian  forest; 

wood  dried  at  1 00° 

White  birch  (Betula  alba)  from  Bavarian  forest; 

leaves  dried  at  100° 

Beech    (Fagus   sylvaticd)   from   Bavarian   forest; 

wood 

Beech    (Fagus    sylvatica)    from  Bavarian  forest; 

leaves 

Dwarf  pine  (Pinus  pumilid)  from  Bavarian  forest; 

wooa 

Dwarf  pine  (Pinus  pumilid}  from  Bavarian  forest; 

bark.  .  


Total  Ash.      A12O3  in  Ash. 


Per*  Cent. 
I.I8 

1.325 
0.905 

18.20 

1  .49.6 
3.00 

o.S 

2  .OI4 
0.864 


0.74 

4-3 
0.284 

1-375 


Per  Cent. 
I  .805 

1.694 
1.948 

7-495 
i-653 
4.069 

4.348 
2.834 
0.663 
0.287 
0.508 
o .  162 
0.124 
o  .240 


These  plants  are  discussed  in  relation  to  the  material  (rock 
or  soil)  on  which  they  grew. 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 


Wittstein  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  13,  p.  364; 
Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  108)  quotes  an  analysis  showing 
that  fresh  fig  leaves  from  plants  grown  on  calcareous  soil  con- 
tain 0.286  per  cent  ash,  0.03  per  cent  of  this  being  A12O3. 

Wittstein,  G.  C.  (Ann.  Chem.  u.  Pharm.,  108,  p.  203;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1858;  Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1858-59,  p.  121),  reports 
the  ash  content  of  the  different  parts  of  a  primrose  (Primula 
farinosd).  The  following  figures  are  quoted,  being  for  material 
dried  at  100°: 

Root,  1.617;  leaves,  0.955;  stem,  0.539;  flower  heads,  1.145; 
and  entire  plant,  0.832  per  cent  A12O3  respectively;  or,  dif- 
ferently stated : 

Of  the  0.832  per  cent  A12O3  in  the  entire  plant,  0.175  Per 
cent  was  in  the  root,  0.198  per  cent  was  in  the  leaves,  0.294 
per  cent  was  in  the  stem,  and  0.165  Per  ceirt  was  in  the  flower 
head. 

Wittstein,  G.  C.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  16,  p.  81; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,    1867,  p.  769),  reports    alumina   as    follows  in 
leaves  and  flowers  of  lilac  (Syringa  vulgaris),  all  dried  at  110°. 
ALUMINA  IN  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  LILAC. 


Part  of  Plant. 

Ash. 

A12O3. 

Leaves  (variety  with  white  blossoms)    

Per  Cent. 
4    380 

Per  Cent. 
O    I  Q  ? 

Leaves  (variety  with  purple  blossoms)  

4  .  022 

188 

Flowers     (without    calyx,    variety    with    white 
blossoms) 

*    76 

I  ?  C 

Flowers    (without    calyx,    variety    with    purple 
blossoms)  

4   286 

24O 

Wittstein,  G.  C.  (Arch.  Pharm.  3d  ser.,  8,  p.  341;  Jahresb. 
Agr.  Chem.,  1875-76,  p.  139;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  1877, 
I,  p.  487),  reports  5.936  per  cent  total  ash  in  a  spurge  (Euphorbia 
amygdoloides)  (whole  plant)  grown  on  soil  rich  in  silicate  and 
4.85  per  cent  in  another  sample  from  similar  soil.  The  ash 
of  the  first  contained  1.057  and  of  the  latter  1.325  per  cent  A12O3. 

Wittstein,  G.  C.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  7  (1875),  P-  3945  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  1876,  I,  p.  736),  finds  that  the  ash  of  the 
elder  tree  (Sambucus  nigra)  contains  0.250  per  cent  A1,O3. 

Wittstein  also  reports  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  8  (1876),  p.  229; 
Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1875-76,  pp.  132,  138)  94  per  cent  total  dry 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  43 

matter  in  sunflower  seeds  (Helianthus  annuus),  the  ash  con- 
taining 0.23  per  cent  A12O3  and  1.9  per  cent  ash,  with  0.28 
per  cent  A12O3  in  the  whole  plant. 

Wittstein,  G.  C.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  8  (1876),  p.  342; 
Jahresb.  Agr.  Chem.,  1875-76,  p.  139),  reports  7.132  per  cent 
ash  in  Herniaria  glabra  (dry  plant)  grown  in  silicious  soil  and 
6.622  per  cent  in  plants  grown  on  dolomite  soil.  The  former 
contained  1.321  and  the  latter  1.755  Per  cent  A12O3. 

Wolff,  E.  (Aschen  Analysen,  pt.  2,  p.  128),  cites  figures 
showing  that  heather  contains  2.08  per  cent  pure  ash.  It  is 
stated  that  on  an  average  0.33  per  cent  of  the  total  ash  is  A12O3, 
the  range  in  eleven  analyses  being  from  o  to  2.3  per  cent.  Wolff 
asfo  states  (Aschen  Analysen,  p.  128)  that  in  moss  (the  variety 
not  given)  the  pure  ash  constituent  is  equal  to  2.74  per  cent 
on  an  average.  Of  this  A12O3  constitutes  2.35  per  cent,  the 
range  in  eleven  analyses  being  from  only  o  to  7.99  per  cent. 
Wolff  also  states  (Aschen  Analysen,  p.  128)  tnat  the  pure  ash 
content  of  lycopodium  is  5.10  per  cent,  39.17  per  cent  of  this 
being  A12O3,  the  range  of  this  constituent  in  six  analyses  being 
from  22.2  to  57.36  per  cent. 

Some  of  the  data  cited  by  Wolff  were  undoubtedly  from 
early  analyses,  interesting  chiefly  from  an  historical  standpoint. 

Wolff,  J.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  3,  p.  i;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1853,  p.  562),  found  1.2  per  cent  ash  in  air-dry  birch 
fungus  (Birken  schwamms).  Of  this  3.14  per  cent  was  A12O3. 
The  plant  analyzed  was  without  doubt  the  rough  boletus  (Bo- 
Ictus  scaber),  sometimes  called  Birken-pilz. 

Wypf el,  M.  (23  Jahresb.  Niederoster.  Landes  Realgym.  Wald- 
hofen,  1892,  p.  22;  Just's  Jahresb.  Bot.,  20  (1892),  I,  i,  p.  425), 
studied  the  effect  of  chlorids  on  plant  growth.  Seedlings  of 
corn  (Zed),  bean  (Phaseolus),  pea  (Pisum),  cucurbit  (Cucur- 
bita),  sunflower  (Helianthus),  beet  (Beta),  onions,  and  Hart- 
wegia  comosa  w^ere  watered  daily  with  0.5  to  2.0  per  cent  solu- 
tions of  different  chlorids.  Among  the  conclusions  drawn 
were  the  following:  Chlorids  which  are  widely  distributed 
and  which  contain  important  material  for  plant  growth  (mag- 
nesium, calcium,  potassium,  and  aluminium  chlorid)  at  first 
had  a  favorable  effect.  Later,  when  they  became  more  con- 
centrated in  the  soil,  they  hindered  growth  and  finally  killed 


44  ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

the  plants.     Magnesium  chlorid  was  the  least  harmful,  potas- 
sium and  aluminium  chlorids  most  harmful. 

Yardley,  H.  B.  (Chem.  News,  79  (1899),  p.  122;  Jour.  Chem. 
Soc.  London,  76  (1899),  II,  p.  793),  found  4.19  per  cent  ash  in 
cardamon  seeds  and  husks.  Of  this  1.53  per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Yoshida,  H.  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  43  (1883),  p.  472), 
reports  a  chemical  study  of  lacquer  (Uritshi),  the  milky 
secretion  of  lac  (Rhus  vernicefera) .  Gum  constitutes  from 
3  to  8  per  cent  of  the  original  juice.  A  sample  weighing  0.5267 
gm.  gave  0.0267  £m-  asn-  The  asn  was  found  to  contain  in 
addition  to  -other  constituents  7.85  per  cent  A12O3. 

Yoshida  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  51  (1887),  pp.  748-750) 
takes  exception  to  the  idea  that  alumina  is  not  a  normal  con- 
stituent of  flowering  plants,  as  stated  by  Allen  (Commercial 
Organic  Analysis,  vol..  i,  p.  38).  In  the  Japanese  lacquer  tree 
(Rhus  vernicefera)  alumina  is  present,  apparently  as  an  arabate. 

According  to  the  author  the  soil  of  the  plain  of  Musashi, 
on  which  Tokyo  is  situated,  is  of  volcanic  origin  and  is  remark- 
able for  the  large  proportion  of  alumina  in  it  which  is  soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid.  This  gave  promise  that  here,  if  any- 
where, aluminium  should  certainly  be  found  in  flowering  plants. 
He  therefore  examined  a  number  of  plants  and  flowers  grown 
on  the  farm  lands  of  the  Imperial  College  of  Agriculture  at 
Komaba,  near  Tokyo.  Each  one  was  carefully  picked  over 
and  all  imperfect  and  soaked  grains  rejected. 

Great  care  was  taken  to  clean  the  grains  and  parts  so  as  to 
remove  all  dirt.  They  were  ground  and  incinerated,  care 
being  taken  to  avoid  all  possible  contamination  with  clay  or 
charcoal.  The  materials  examined  included  soy  bean  (Soja 
hispida)  (which  the  author  calls  "pea"),  whole  seed,  cotyledons, 
and  hull  or  skin,  red  bean  (Adzuki)  (Phaseolus  radiat-us),  hill 
and  paddy  rice,  wheat,  barley,  two  sorts  of  millet,  and  buck- 
wheat. The  analytical  methods  are  described  in  detail.  The 
table  beyond  reports  the  results  of.  the  analyses. 

Of  this  work  the  author  says :  "It  will  be  seen  that  I  have 
found  alumina  in  every  case  except  that  of  the  pea  [soja],  while 
in  the  hull  or  skin  of  the  pea,  one  of  the  largest  amounts  of 
alumina  occurs.  The  results  here  recorded  may  at  least  serve 
to  indicate  the  propriety  of  reconsidering  the  accuracy  of  the 


ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 


45 


dictum    that    aluminium  is    not    a    constituent    of    flowering 
plants." 

ASH  CONSTITUENTS  OF  A  NUMBER  OF  PLANTS. 


Kind  of  Plant 

Ash  in 

In  Ash. 

Sample. 

Alumina. 

Phosph. 
Acid. 

Silica, 
etc. 

"Pea"  (whole)  (Sojahispida)  
"Pea"  (cotyledons)  (Sojahispida) 
"  Pea"  (hull  or  skin)  (Soja  hispida) 
Red  bean  (Adzuki)    (Phaseolus  ra- 
diatus)    

Per  Cent. 

4.22 
4-31 

2    60 

Per  Cent. 
0.053 

.000 

.268 

006 

Per  Cent. 
33-48 

5-66 

-20     80 

Per  Cent, 

o  .50 
3.60 

Rice  (hill)  

o  87 

161 

6^  •  °v 

Rice  (paddy) 

o   tc6 

180 

D  x  •  6  6 

•  JV 

Wheat 

2     62 

j-*  •  7v 

10.99 

Barley 

I     OO 

140 

U  J  •  OO 

1  -31 

Millet  (Awd)  (Panicum  italicum).  . 
Millet  (Hiye)  (P.  cruscorvi)  
Buckwheat  

1.68 
0.94 
i   72 

.272 

.185 

112 

66  •  xy 
40.43 
39.87 
I     OA 

i  .19 
8.91 
8.62 
o  81 

Young,  W.  C.  (Analyst,  2  (1878),  p.  13),  in  an  article  on 
the  estimation  of  alum  in  bread,  reported  that  from  bread 
containing  no  added  alum  he  obtained  0.07  grain  A1.PO4 
per  1000  grains. 

Young,  W.  C.,  also  reports  (Analyst,  12  (1887),  p.  29),  in  an 
article  on  "Sour  Bread  and  the  Logwood  Test,"  that  he  found 
aluminium  phosphate  equivalent  to  7.8  grains  of  alum  in  4 
pounds  of  bread  which  he  subsequently  learned  contained  no 
added  alum.  A  second  sample  of  the  same  bread  yielded  alu- 
minium phosphate  equivalent  to  8  grains  of  alum  in  4  pounds  of 
bread.  In  his  investigation  he  found  that  the  logwood  test  as 
applied  by  him  indicated  the  presence  of  aluminium  in  the  sam- 
ples of  flour  or  bread  examined  which  were  known  to  contain  no 
added  alum,  provided  the  sample  underwent  acid  fermentation 
or  was  acidulated  with  acetic  acid.  In  a  discussion  of  his 
paper,  W.  Blythe  states  that  all  bread  contains  more  or  less 
alumina. 

Young,  W.  C.  (Analyst,  12  (1887),  p.  145),  reports  later  a  con- 
tinuation of  his  investigation.  He  found  that  the  aluminium 
normally  present  in  the  flours  he  examined  was  contained  in 
the  gluten  of  the  wheat  and  not  in  the  starch,  and  was  present 


46  ALUMINIUM  IN   VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

in  the  form  of  aluminium  phosphate.  The  following  quotation 
is  of  interest  in  this  connection: 

"  Another  conclusion  which  may  be  fairly  drawn  from  my 
results  is  that  the  alumina  naturally  present  in  flour  is  com- 
bined with  the  gluten.  This  being  so,  I  thought  it  would  be 
interesting  to  see  if  gluten  would  absorb  alumina  from  a  solu- 
tion of  alum.  With  this  object  I  prepared  some  gluten, 
thoroughly  dried  it,  and  found  the  ash  equal  to  1.28  per  cent. 
A  portion  of  this  gluten  finely  powdered  was  placed  in  a  2  per 
cent  solution  of  alum  and  kept  for  some  hours  at  a  temperature 
of  about  1 80°  F. ;  it  was  then  thrown  on  to  a  filter,  thoroughly 
washed,  and  dried.  The  ash  then  amounted  to  1.32  per  cent. 
Taking  into  consideration  the  great  difficulty  of  washing  the 
gluten  free  from  excess  of  alum,  I  do  not  think  this  slight  in- 
crease of  ash  is  due  to  absorption  of  alumina.  Although  the 
gluten  does  not  appear  to  have  the  property  of  absorbing 
alumina  from  a  solution  of  alum,  yet  its  properties  are  affected 
in  a  marked  degree  by  contact  with  such  a  solution,  as  it  may 
then  be  kept  moist  in  a  warm  place  without  giving  any  indica- 
tion of  decomposition,  whilst  ordinary  gluten,  as  is  well  known, 
darkens  in  color,  swells,  and  rapidly  decomposes  under  similar 
circumstances." 

Young,  W.  C.  (Analyst,  13  (1888),  p.  5),  reports  the  deter- 
mination of  alumina  in  the  best  quality  of  Vienna  flour,  con- 
taining 0.7  per  cent  ash  and  about  8  per  cent  gluten.  From 
100  gms.  of  flour  he  obtained  0.0075  gm-  °f  phosphate  of  alumina. 

Of  his  experiment  he  says: 

"The  gluten  was  separated  by  washing  in  a  muslin  bag  in 
the  usual  way,  and  when  dried  contained  1.26  per  cent  ash; 
20  gms.  of  this  dried  gluten,  finely  powdered,  was  then  treated 
with  about  250  cc.  of  a  mixture  of  equal  volumes  of  acetic 
acid  and  water  and  heated  in  the  water -bath  for  about  twenty- 
eight  hours.  By  this  time  the  mass  had  become  quite  liquid, 
the  gluten  having  lost  its  firmness  in  the  same  way  that  gelatin 
does  under  similar  circumstances.  After  standing  a  short 
time  the  liquid  was  poured  off  and  the  sediment  further  treated 
with  weak  acetic  acid  twice,  and  the  three  portions  of  liquid 
evaporated  to  dryness,  the  sediment  being  rejected.  In  this 
way  I  think  that  any  extraneous  earthy  matter  present  in  the 


ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  47 

gluten  was  separated,  and,  therefore,  only  the  natural  alumina 
retained. 

"The  dried  residue  was* then  burnt  to  a  perfect  ash,  the  ash 
dissolved  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and  filtered,  the  insoluble 
matter  being  well  washed  and  weighed.  The  insoluble  matter 
thus  obtained  weighed  only  0.009  gm->  and  of  this  .0075  was 
silica. 

"The  insoluble  matter  was  then  fused  with  about  twice  its 
bulk  of  mixed  alkaline  carbonates,  dissolved  in  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  filtered.  This  filtrate  was  added  to  the  acid 
solution  of  the  ash,  evaporated  to  dryness,  redissolved  in  a 
small  quantity  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  filtered.  The 
filtrate  was  then  boiled  and  cautiously  added  to  25  cc.  of  a 
saturated  solution  of  pure  caustic  soda,  also  boiling,  and  the 
whole  kept  boiling  for  a  few  minutes.  It  was  then  filtered, 
and  the  precipitate  washed,  the  filtrate  made  slightly  acid 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  about  5  cc.  of  a  saturated  solution  of 
sodium  phosphate  added,  and  finally  a  slight  excess  of  ammonia. 
After  boiling  for  about  ten  minutes,  the  precipitate  of  phos- 
phate of  alumina  was  collected  and  weighed.  .  .  . 

"In  this  way  I  obtained  .0185  gm.  of  phosphate  of  alumina 
from  20  gms.  of  gluten.  Now,  as  the  flour  contained  8  per 
cent  of  gluten,  and  gave  originally  .0075  per  cent  of  phos- 
phate of  alumina,  20  gms.  of  gluten  would  be  equivalent  to 
250  of  the  flour,  which  would  yield  .01875  °f  phosphate  of 
alumina.  So  that  practically  I  obtained  the  whole  of  the 
alumina  of  the  flour  in  the  gluten.  As  in  the  process  of  wash- 
ing the  starch  from  the  gluten  a  large  proportion  of  any  foreign 
earthy  matter  that  may  have  been  present  must  have  been 
separated,  and  any  remaining  eliminated  by  dissolving  the 
gluten  in  acetic  acid,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  alumina 
obtained  in  this  experiment  was  present  as  a  natural  constituent 
of  the  flour,  and  I  think  further  that  the  interesting  fact  is 
established  that  the  bulk  of  it  is  associated  with  the  gluten." 

Young,  W.  C.  (Analyst,  15  (1890),  p.  83),  in  a  report  of  an 
investigation  of  the  solubility  of  phosphate  of  alumina  in  acetic 
acid  undertaken  with  special  reference  to  the  estimation  of 
alumina  in  flour,  bread,  etc.,  makes  the  following  statement: 
"I  may  mention  that  rye  bread,  of  which  I  frequently  have 


48  ALUMINIUM  IN    VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

samples  for  analysis  from  the  east  end  of  London,  invariably 
gives  a  strong  reaction  with  a  logwood  test,  although  I  have 
never  found  more  than  .008  gm.  phosphate  of  alumina  in  100 
gms." 

Yvon,  M.  (Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  4th  ser.,  25  (1877),  p.  588), 
reports  the  ash  analyses  of  Thapsia  garganica  from  Hegeria 
and  T.  sylphium  *  from  Asia,  the  former  with  7.52  per  cent  and 
the  latter  with  5.746  per  cent  in  the  fresh  plant.  Of  this  0.3 
and  0.433  Per  cent  respectively  was  said  to  be  A12O3. 

Zeyer,  N.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  10,  p.  504; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  769),  found  4.05  per  cent  ash  in  the 
bark  of  Atherosperma  moschatum  dried  at  100°.  Of  this  0.191 
per  cent  was  A12O3. 

*  There  is  an  evident  error  in  the  names  of  the  plants  in  the  original 
tables  as  published.  The  names  as  quoted  above  have  been  corrected. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  ANIMAL  PRODUCTS. 


Dieterich,  E.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  16,  p.  56; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1867,  p.  287;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1867,  P-  822), 
reports  3.2  per  cent  ash  in  cochineal  (silver-gray  Honduras 
variety);  of  this  1.390  was  A12O3. 

Harrison  and  Kinnicutt,  according  to  Rotch  (Pediatrics, 
Philadelphia,  1896,  p.  175),  found  0.40  per  cent  iron  oxid 
and  alumina  in  the  ash  of  woman's  milk,  the  total  ash  ranging 
from  o.i  to  0.2  per  cent.  From  the  data  at  hand,  the  propor- 
tion of  the  ash  constituents  was  recalculated,  the  value  for 
iron  oxid  and  alumina  being  given  as  0.37  per  cent.  Silica 
was  also  found,  and  it  is  stated  that  this  and  alumina  have 
not  been  noted  in  any  previous  analysis. 

Data  are  also  quoted  by  Rotch  (loc.  cit.,  p.  218)  regarding 
the  ash  of  cow's  milk  which  it  is  said  were  reported  by  Konig, 
Forster,  and  others.  The  value  given  for  total  ash  is  0.70  per 
cent,  of  which  0.44  per  cent  was  iron  oxid  and  alumina. 

Heyl  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  62,  p.  87,  Repert.  Pharm.,  2d 
ser.,  47,  p.  231;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1847,  p.  591:  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1847—48,  p.  938)  notes  29.18  per  cent  aluminium  silicate  in 
a  sample  of  officinal  burned  sponge  (Schwammkohle). 

Liebermann,  C.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1885,  p.  1969; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1885,  p.  1847),  estimates  that  cochineal  yields 
9  to  10  per  cent  pure  coloring  matter.  In  good  cochineal 
carmine,  he  found  7  per  cent  ash.  This  contained  a  trace 
of  A12O3.  Carmine  is  regarded  as  an  aluminium-calcium- 
protein  compound  of  the  coloring  matter  present. 

Mayrhofer,  J.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1891,  I,  p.  175;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1891,  p.  2820),  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  ash  of 
that  portion  of  an  abnormal  leather  which  was  soluble  in  cold 
water. 

49 


$0  ALUMINIUM  IN  ANIMAL   PRODUCTS. 

McMurtrie,  W.  (American  Chemist,  4,  p.  339;  Watts' 
Dictionary,  1879,  vol.  8,  pt.  i,  p.  765),  finds  in  the  excrements 
of  the  common  bat  19.88  per  cent  of  alumina. 

Miintz,  A.  (Ann.  Chim.,  4th  ser.,  20,  p.  309;  Compt.  Rend. 
Acad.  Sci.,  Paris,  69,  p.  1309;  Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  2d  ser.,  p.  379; 
Dingler's  Polytech.  Jour.,  195,  p.  466;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1869, 
p.  1149),  in  a  study  of  the  chemical  changes  in  tanning, 
reports  0.6693  and  0.4670  per  cent  ash  respectively  in  fresh, 
rather  thin  hide  from  a  young  cow,  and  very  thick  ox  hide. 
The  ash  contained  respectively  0.0930  and  0.0704  per  cent 
Al203.Fe2O3. 

Schutze,  R.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1889,  II,  p.  588;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1889,  p.  2156),  found  in  the  ash  of  the  mantle  of  Phal- 
lusia  mammillaris  (after  extraction  with  ether)  9.52  per  cent 
A12O3.  The  amount  of  ash  is  not  stated. 

Staffel  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  64  (1850),  p.  148;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1851,  p:  162;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  573)  found  in 
veal  (breast)  free  from  fat  and  skin  77.64  per  cent  water,  and 
in  the  dry  material  3.1  per  cent  ash.  This  contained  according  to 
his  analysis  a  trace  of  alumina.  He  also  found  a  trace  in  the 
ash  of  beef.  The  fresh  material  contained  72.63  per  cent 
water;  the  dry  2.2  per  cent  ash. 

Theile,  R.  (Jenaische.  Ztschr.  Med.,  3,  p.  147;  Ztschr.  Chem.y 
1868,  p.  125;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1867,  p.  296,  305;  Vierteljahressch. 
Prakt.  Pharm.,  17,  p.  197;  Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  2d  ser.,  10,  p.  153; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1867,  p.  772),  reports  2.3  per  cent  ash  in  egg 
albumen,  15.04  per  cent  of  this  being  A12O3.PO5. 

Thezard  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci..  Paris,  120  (1895),  p.  1126; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  London,  68  (1895),  H»  P-  45*5)  analyzed  a 
very  white,  porous,  and  very  brittle  tibia  from  an  adult  human 
mummy  from  an  Egyptian  tomb  of  unknown  age.  In  addition 
to  other  constituents,  he  reports  0.534  per  cent  A12O3. 

Walter,  G.  (Ztschr.  Physiol.  Chem.,  13,  p.  464;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1889,  p.  2156),  reports  28.165  Per  cerrt  asn  m  the  shell- 
like,  outer  covering  of  Protopterus  annectens  (air-dry).  This 
contained  5.491  per  cent  A12OS. 


ALUMINIUM   IN  NATURAL  WATERS. 


Abb6ne  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  12,  p.  412;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1848,  p.  47;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1009)  notes  traces 
of  alumina  in  the  water  of  the  Pre  Saint  Didier  upper  and 
lower  mineral  springs  at  Courmayeur. 

Adams,  F.  D.  (Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Canada,  1885. 
Chemical  Contributions,  p.  15,  M),  reports  0.0005  parts  alumina 
per  1000  in  water  from  a  spring  at  Halowell  Grant,  near 
Antigonish,  Nova  Scotia.  This  water  is  used  for  medicinal 
purposes. 

Adams,  F.  D.  (Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Canada,  1888-9.  Chem- 
ical Contributions,  p.  17,  R.),  in  an  analysis  of  water  from  a 
boring  in  the  west  half  of  Lot  26,  in  the  fourth  range  of 
Otanabee,  Peterborough  County,  Ontario,  reports  0.0008  part 
alumina  per  1000. 

Agrestini,  A.  (Gaz.  Chem.  Ital. ;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London, 
64  (1893),  II,  p.  175),  found  in  the  hepatic  mineral  spring  water 
of  the  Valle  del  Gallo,  near  Urbino,  0.0005  A1PO4  per  1000  gms. 

Aillaud  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.,  Paris,  95,  p.  104;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1882,  p.  1627)  reports  0.007  gm-  A12S3O12  per  1000  cc. 
in  high  water  from  the  Rio  Grande  which  was  used  for  the 
water  supply  of  Panama. 

Aillaud  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  95,  p.  104;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1882,  p.  1637)  reports  0.020  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc.  in 
well-water  from  Emperador,  Panama,  and  o.on  gm.  A12O3 
in  water  from  a  second  well  in  the  same  locality. 

51 


$2  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Allemann,  H.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  56  (2.  Abt.),  p.  47 ;  Wiener 
Akad.  Anz.,  1867,  p.  135;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  101,  p.  317; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1867,  p.  423;  Inst.  1867,  p.  341;  Jahresb.  Chem. 
1867,  p.  1039),  in  an  analysis  of  the  Sauerbrunn  at  Ebriach  in 
Karnthen,  reports  0.034  part  A12O3  and  0.015  parts  aluminium 
phosphate  per  10,000. 

Andouard  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  5,  p.  466;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1849,  p.  617)  found  0.003  gm.  aluminium  phosphate 
and  0.006  gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in  mineral  water  from 
Villecelle,  near  Lamalou  (Herault). 

Andouard,  A.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  4th  ser.,  9,  p.  336;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1869,  p.  1291),  reports  two  analyses  of  Beaupreau 
spring-water  from  Dep.  Maine-et-Loire.  It  contained  0.022 
and  o.oio  gm.  A12O3  per  10,000  gms.  The  second  analysis 
was  made  with  a  sample  taken  after  heavy  rain. 

Ashley,  J.  M.,  E.  T.  Bennett,  and  T.  J.  Herapath  are  quoted 
(Jahresber.  Chem.,  1849,  p.  620)  as  reporting  traces  of  alu- 
minium in  Thames  water  near  London  Bridge,  Thames  water 
at  Greenwich,  and  mineral  water  from  Kingswood,  near  Bristol, 
respectively. 

Avequin  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  32,  p.  288;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1857,  p.  729)  notes  1.753  grains  alumina  per  gallon  (=58,372 
grains)  in  Mississippi  River  water  taken  at  Carrollton,  a  few 
miles  above  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

Bailey,  E.  H.  S.,  in  an  extended  treatise  entitled  "Special 
Report  on  Mineral  Waters"  (University  Geol.  Survey  of  Kansas, 
vol.  7),  gives  analytical  data  regarding  the  composition  of  a 
large  number  of  waters  in  Kansas.  The  following  table  sum- 
marizes the  data  concerning  alumina  in  these  waters. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  $3 

ALUMINA  IN  KANSAS  MINERAL  WATERS. 


Analyst. 

Page. 

Alumina 
per 
Liter. 

The  Chlorid  Group. 
Arkansas  City  Well 

E   H   S  Bailey 

I3T 

Grams. 

Eureka  Mineral  Well           .  .    .  . 

E   H   S  Bailey 

I   37 

Geuda  Spring   No  4      .  .        .    . 

Bailey  and  Franklin 

1  4.7 

01  c8 

Bromo-magnesium  Well  

E.  H.  S.  Bailey 

I  ^O 

trace 

Geyser  Mineral  Well  

The  Sulphate  Group. 
Burr  Oak                                           \ 

E.  H.  S.  Bailey 
G.  H.  Failyer  and 

157 

I  T6o 

.0178 

'Capioma  Mineral  Well  

C.  M.  Breese 
E.  H.  S.  Bailey 

r  iuy 
I  7O 

•ZI75 

Carbondale  Spring  

E.  H.  S.  Bailey 

172 

Centralia  Gypsum  Well  
•Conway                                  

E.  B.  Knerr 
Failyer  and  Breese 

J73 

.OOyO 

Chlor-Sulphate  Group. 
Merrill  Spring  

A.  Merrill 

A  to 
I  06 

Great  Bend  Mineral  Well  
Great  Spirit  Spring,  No.  2  
Lincoln  Springs  No   i  .  . 

E.  H.  S.  Bailey 
Bailey  and  Rice 
Bailey  and  Franklin 

197 

205 

2O7 

trace 
.0166 

Lincoln  Springs   No   2  

Bailey  and  Franklin 

208 

Lincoln  Springs,  No.  3      

Bailey  and  Franklin 

2OQ 

Carbonate  Group. 
Dixon  Spring                .         ... 

E.  B   Knerr 

2  I  O 

Kickapoo  Springs        

E.  H.  S.  Bailey 

237 

Sulfid  Group. 
Cherokee  City  Well 

Bailey  and  Hull 

260 

Columbus  Well 

Failyer  and  Willard 

262 

trace 

Fort  Scott  Sulfo-magnesian  Well  . 
Moss  Springs  Well            

E.  H.  S.  Bailey 
G.  H.  Failyer 

266 

268 

.0144 

O24.I 

Wakefield  Sulfur  Well  

Bailey  and  Porter 

271 

O  ^  3O 

Chalybeate  (Iron)  Group. 
Atchison  Electric  Light  Well  
McDuff's  Spring           

E.  B.  Knerr 
E.  B.  Knerr 

280 
28l 

.0567 
OI2O 

Special  Group. 
Lithium  Sprino"  Omio     

Failyer  and  Willard 

307 

IO4O 

Providence  Mineral  Well  

Soft-water  Group. 
Atchison  Parker's  Spring 

J.  H.  Banks 
E.  B.  Knerr 

308 
311 

trace 
0032 

Bailey  quotes  analyses  of  a  number  of  waters  for  purposes 
of  comparison,  but  does  not  cite  the  original  place  of  publication. 
The  following  table  shows  data  regarding  the  occurrence  of 
alumina  in  such  as  have  not  been  noted  from  other  sources. 


54 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 
ALUMINA  IN  A  NUMBER  OF  WATERS. 


Analyst. 

Page. 

Alu- 
minium 
Chlorid 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Phos- 
phate 
per 
Gallon. 

Alumina 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Sul- 
phate 
per 
Gallon. 

Oranien  Quelle, 
Kreuznach,  Rhen- 
ish Prussia 

Liebig 

160 

Grains. 

Grains. 
760 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Dead  Sea 

161 

•2J      •37 

Carabana,  Spain  

A.  Proust 

192 

.020 

Friedrichshall,     Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Germany 
Apollinaris   Germany 

Bauer 
Bischoff 

2I5 
246 

.56 

I  .  2O 

Sulphur  Spring,  Aix- 
les-Bains  France  .  . 

Bonjeau 

273 

T.  .  2OO 

Excelsior  Sp'gs  Mo  \ 

Woodward 

r  3OI 

207 

Sparta  Artesian  Well, 

\Visconsin 

andRob'tson 
J   M   Hirsch 

)  6 

•7QI 

048 

Bailey,  E.  H.  S.,  and  Mary  A.  Rice  (Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci., 
14  (1896),  p.  40;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  72  (1897),  II,  p. 
109)  report  1.66  parts  A12O3  per  100,000  in  water  from  a  mineral 
spring  in  Mitchell  County,  Kansas,  near  Cawker  City. 

Baker,  W*.  H.  (Dingler's  Polytech.  Jour.,  218,  p.  267;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  1876,  I,  p.  890),  notes  55.128  grains 
A12(SO4)3  per  gallon  in  the  water  of  a  swallet  in  the  Empire 
mine  of  the  Luzerne  Company. 

Ballo,  M.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1878,  p.  1900;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1878,  p.  1306),  notes  0.0017  A12O3  (with  a  trace  of  P2O5) 
per  1000  in  a  thermal  spring  at  the  foot  of  the  Blocksberg. 

Ballo,  M.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1878,  p.  1902 ;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1878,  p.  1305),  in  two  samples  of  Ofener  Bitter  Wasser 
reports  0.229  and  0.089  parts  A12O3  (with  P2O5)  per  10,000, 
respectively. 

Ballo,  M.  (Russ.  Ztschr.  Pharm.,  22,  p.  68;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1883,  p.  1945),  notes  0.0229  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts  in  the 
bitter  water  of  the  Victoria  well  at  Of  en,  Hungary. 

Ballo,  M.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1884,  p.  673;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1884,  p.  2035),  reports  0.00952  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc. 
in  Borhegyer  Sauerwasser  from  Bibarczfalva,  Austria-Hungary. 

Barth,  L.  v.,  and  R.  Wegscheider  (Wiener.  Klin.  Wochensch., 
1891,  No.  8;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1891,  p.  2620)  report  0.3575  gm. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  55 

A12O3  per  10,000  gms.  in  mineral  spring  water  from  Mitterbad, 
Ultenthale,  Tirol. 

Barzilowski,  J.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1884,  p.  183; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1884,  p.  2037),  notes  0.0055  Part  A12O3  per 
1000  parts  in  Tokiew  mineral  water;  and  0.103  Part  A12O3  per 
1000  parts  in  Alexandro-Jermolowski  mineral  water,  both  from 
the  Caucasus. 

Bauck,  G.  (Analyse  der  Salzsoolen  von  Colberg,  Inaug. 
Diss.  Gottingen,  1860;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  830),  reports 
alumina  (parts  per  10,000)  in  Colberg,  Germany,  saline  mineral 
water  as  follows:  Salinensoole,  o.on;  Zillenbergsoole,  0.008, 
and  Marktsoole,  0.006. 

Bechamp,  A.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  62,  p.  1088; 
Jour.  Pharm.,  4th  ser.,  3,  p.  448;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  98,  p. 
189;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1866,  p.  864;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1866, 
p.  998),  found  0.0052  gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in  Therese 
sulphur  spring  at  Fumades  (Arrondissement  d'Alais),  and 
(Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  62,  p.  1034;  Bui.  Soc.  Chim., 
2d  ser.,  6,  p.  9;  Inst.  1866,  p.  173;  Jour.  Pharm.,  4th  ser.,  3,  p. 
444;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  98,  p.  190;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1866, 
p.  864;  and  Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  63,  p.  559; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1866,  p.  998)  also  reports  0.00106,  0.0008, 
and  o.oon  gm.  alumina  per  liter  respectively  in  Dulimbert, 
Bouillants,  and  Grander  mineral  springs  at  Vergeze,  Dep. 
du  Gard. 

Becker,  G.  F.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mon.  13,  p.  265),  quotes 
an  analysis  of  water  from  Borax  Lake,  Cal.,  by  Melville  (Geol. 
Survey  Cal.,  i,  p.  98)  which  showed  0.0029  gm-  A12O3  per  liter. 
Becker  (pp.  347  and  349)  also  gives  an  analysis  of  the  water 
of  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada.  The  A12O3  present  was  0.0025 
gm.  per  10  liters. 

Bell  (Chem.  News,  21,  p.  83,  from  Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1392)  notes  traces  of  A12O3 
in  a  mineral  spring  in  New  York  in  the  Adirondack  region. 

Bender,  R.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  n  (1877),  p.  50;  Jour. 
Chem.- Soc.  London,  1878,  II,  p.  18),  notes  that  Fresenius 
found  0.00013  parts  A1PO4  per  1000  in  Heilbrunnen  mineral 
spring  water,  a  spring  situated  near  Lake  Taach,  and  in  the 
water  of  the  Stahlbrunnen  at  Wassenach,  0.00045  A1PO4. 


56  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Bender,  R.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  26.  ser.,  185  (1868),  p.  5;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1868,  p.  1035),  reports  0.005,  0-182,  and  0.045  A12O3 
per  10,000  parts  respectively  in  the  Victoria,  Angustus,  and 
Cold  Spring  III.  These  waters  are  all  from  the  thermal 
springs  of  Neuenahr. 

He  also  reports  per  10,000  parts  0.176  A12O3  in  the  old 
or  small  Sprudel  spring  No.  I  and  0.19  Al2O3+Fe2O3  in  the 
new  or  large  Sprudel  No.  II.  The  Marien  Sprudel  contained 
0.06  Al2O3  +  Fe2O3. 

Bensemann,  R.  (Chem.  Centbl.  Ausz.,  1882,  p.  186;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1882,  p.  1629),  reports  0.0026  A1203  per  100  in  a  Sool- 
quelle  at  Kammin,  Germany. 

Berlin,  N.  J.  (Oefversigt.  K.  Vetenskops.  Akad.  Forhl., 
1863,  p.  221;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  939),  notes  0.00794 
part  alumina  per  10,000  in  Torpasaltkalle  at  Lilla  Edet  in 
Sweden. 

Bertoni,  G.  (Gaz.  Chem.  Ital.,  14  (1884),  p.  232;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1884,  p.  2035),  in  an  analysis  of  the  Acquarossa  Spring 
at  Biasca,  Italy,  notes  0.0485  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc. 

Billot,  E.  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  p.  569;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
J853,  P-  y1^),  reports  alumina  (gm.  per  1000  cc.)  in  water 
from  Besancon,  France,  as  follows:  Doubs,  0.002;  spring-water 
from  the  Grand  Rue,  0.0094. 

Bizio  (Wiener.  Acad.  Ber.,  41,  p.  335,  Rep.  Chim.  Pure.  2, 
p.  390;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  837)  reports  (parts  per  10,000) 
0.0371  A12O3  in  the  St.  Gothard  Spring  water  from  Ceneda, 
Italy. 

Bizio,  G.  (Atti.  Imp.  Reg.  Inst.  Venato  Sci.  Let.  ed  Arti., 
3d  ser.,  n;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  940),  notes  7.7507 
alumina  per  10,000  in  mineral  water  from  Civillina. 

Bizio,  G.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  10  (1880),  p.  43;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1880,  p.  1529),  reports  new  analyses  of  the  springs  of  Civillina, 
Italy.  The  old  basin  contained  1.28414  gms.  aluminium 
sulphate;  the  new  basin,  1.50764  gms.  aluminium  sulphaV 
per  1000  gms. 

Blondeau  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  30,  p.  481: 
Pharm.  Centbl.,  1850,  p.  910;  Jahrb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  621)  notes 
the  occurrence  of  aluminium  salts  as  among  the  ordinary 
constituents  of  water  of  brooks,  rivers,  and  springs.  Water 


ALUMINIUM  IN  N A  7^ URAL    WATERS.  $? 

containing  0.4  to  0.5  gm.  total  mineral  matter  per  liter  is  re- 
garded as  satisfactory  for  household  purposes. 

Blondeau  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  35,  p.  147; 
Inst.  1852,  p.  238;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  57,  p.  244;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1852,  p.  756)  reports  0.0016  gm.  alumina  (per  1000 
gms.?)  in  water  from  Salles-la-Source,  Aveyron. 

Bobierre  and  Moride  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  32, 
p.  376;  Inst.  1851,  p.  90;  Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  20,  p.  244; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  666)  note  0.401  gm.  total  solids  per 
1000  cc.  in  mineral  water  from  Kirouars,  France;  this  contained 
a  trace  of  alumina.  The  same  authors  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad. 
Sci.  Paris,  33,  p.  322;  Inst.  1851,  p.  306;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1851,  p.  748;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  666)  noted  0.350  gm. 
total  solids  per  1000  cc.  in  mineral  water  from  La  Bernerie, 
France.  This  contained  0.6  per  cent  alumina. 

Bolley,  P.,  and  F.  Schweizer  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  106, 
p.  237;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1858,  p.  600;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858, 
p.  800)  found  0.0103  fe01-)  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in  the  sulphur 
water  from  Schinznach,  Switzerland. 

Bolley,  P.,  and  Brigel  (Schweiz.  Polytech.  Ztschr.,  1865, 
p.  47;  Ztschr.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  639;  Jahresb.  Chem.  1865, 
p.  936)  report  0.0130  alumina  per  1000  parts  in  the  sulphur 
spring  A  at  Lostorf  in  the  Jura. 

Bosshard,  E.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1892,  II,  p.  1039;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1892,  p.  2689),  reports  0.00057  £m-  A12O3  per  10,000 
gms.  in  the  Old  Spring  water  at  St.  Moritz  in  the  Engadine 
and  0.00040  gm.  A12O3  per  10,000  gms.  in  Paracelsus  spring 
water  from  the  same  locality. 

Boussingault  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  78,  pp.  453, 
526,  593,  Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  5th  ser.,  2,  p.  76;  Arch.  Pharm., 
3d  ser.,  5,  p.  354;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1874,  p.  1337)  reports  0.4028 
gm.  A12O3  per  liter  in  the  water  of  the  Rio  Vinagre,  near  the 
falls  of  San  Antonio,  Colombia,  a  volcanic  region,  and  0.500 
gm.  per  liter  in  a  hot  spring  at  the  foot  of  the  Ruiz  volcano. 

Boutel,  G.  F.,  examined  the  mineral  waters  of  Saint  Nectaire 
(Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  6th  ser.,  7,  p.  536;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  London, 
50  (1886),  II,  p.  858)  and  reported  per  liter  0.0330  gm.  A12O3 
in  Source  Rouge  and  0.0239  gm-  in  Source  du  Mont  Cornador. 

Braconnot  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  7,  p.  737;    Jahresb, 


$8  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Chem.,  1851,  p.  665)  notes  0.0080  gm.  silica  and  alumina  per 
1000  cc.  in  the  Luxeuil  Spring. 

Brignone,  G.  (Gaz.  Chem.  Ital.,  14  (1884),  p.  42;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1884,  p.  2036),  found  in  water  from  the  island  of  Pan- 
telleria  (Italy),  0.00245  gm.  A12O3.P2O5  per  1000  cc. 

Buchner,  A.  (Jour.  Prak.  Chem.,  102,  p.  209;  Neue  Repert. 
Pharm.,  16,  p.  481;  Neue  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  28,  p.  292;  Jahrb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1867,  p.  1036),  found  0.00104  gm.  alumina  per 
liter  in  potable  water  from  the  spring  at  Neumarkt,  Ober- 
pfalz,  Bavaria. 

Buchner,  L.  A.  (Neue  Rep.  Pharm.,  17,  p.  357;  Jour. 
Chem.,  104,  p.  360;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  1037), 
reports  traces  of  alumina  in  the  sulphur  spring  at  Oberdorf 
in  Allgau. 

Buchner,  M.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  2.  Abt.,  71,  p.  309;  Jahr- 
esb. Chem.,  1875,  p.  1296),  notes  0.0274  parts  aluminium 
phosphate  per  10,000  in  Moriz  spring- water  from  Sauerbrunn, 
near  Rohitsch,  Austria. 

Buchner,  M.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1876,  p.  789;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London  (1877),  II,  p.  176),  in  the  water  of  the  Tempelbrunnen 
at  Rohitsch,  notes  0.0095  parts  (  =  A1PO4)  per  100,000. 

Buchner,  M.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1881,  p.  567;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1882,  p.  1631),  found  0.0249  parts  A12O3.P2O5  per  10,000  in 
the  Lindenbrunnen  at  Zlatten,  Austria-Hungary. 

Bull  (Silliman's  Amer.  Jour.,  2d  ser.,  4,  p.  385;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1848,  p.  319;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  999)  reports 
0.14  gm.  alumina  per  10,000  gm.  in  spring- water  from  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut. 

Bunsen  (Neue  Jahresb.  Pharm.,  2,  pp.  190,  194;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1854,  p.  931;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854,  p.  758)  examined 
a  number  of  mineral  waters,  reporting  aluminium  phosphate 
(parts  per  1000)  as  follows:  Sophienquelle,  0.0033;  Peters- 
quelle,  0.0071,  and  Salzquelle,  0.0035.  a^  a^  Petersthal. 

Bunsen,  according  to  Riegel  (Neue  Jahresb.  Pharm.,  9, 
p.  301 ;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  794),  found  0.007  Part  alumina 
per  10,000  parts  in  water  from  the  Elizabethenquelle  at  Rothen- 
fels,  Baden. 

Bunsen  (Beitrage  zur  Statistik  der  inneren  Verwaltung  des 
Grossherzthums  Baden,  n,  Nos.  30,  43,  and  56;  Jahresb. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  S9 

Chem.,  1 86 1,  p.  1090)  in  Baden  mineral  springs  notes  alumina 
as  follows  (parts  per  10,000):  Ursprung,  o.on;  Judenquelle, 
o.on;  Bruhquelle,  0.009;  Murquelle,  trace,  and  Rothenfelser 
Mineralquelle,  0.007. 

Bunsen  and  Kirchoff  (Poggendorf's  Ann.,  113,  p.  358;  Phil. 
Mag.,  4th  ser.,  22,  p.  344;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  1092)  note 
o.ooi  alumina  (parts  per  10,000)  in  the  Umgemach  thermal 
spring  (Baden-Baden)  and  note.  0.00020  in  saline  water  from 
Durkheim. 

Burrell,  B.  A.  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  69  (1896),  p.  536), 
in  an  analysis  of  the  water  of  the  dropping  well  at  Knaresborough 
in  Yorkshire,  notes  a  trace  of  alumina. 

Carius,  L.  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  137,  p.  106;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  987),  notes  in  the  Ottilienquelle, 
Badequelle,  and  Marienquelle  from  the  Inselbad  near  Pader- 
born,  0.009,  0-009,  and  0.004  grams  alumina  per  10,000 
respectively. 

Carnelley,  T.  (Chem.  News,  31,  p.  27;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1875,  p.  1298),  reports  in  a  spring  (iron)  near  Trefriw,  Wales, 
233.3  parts  aluminium  per  million.  An  earlier  analysis  by 
Hassal  (Chem.  News,  31,  p.  27;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1875,  P-  1298) 
gives  112.4.  These  values  correspond  to  1358.9  aluminium 
sulphate  and  3.2  aluminium  phosphate,  and  707.7  aluminium 
sulphate,  and  o.o  aluminium  phosphate  per  million  respectively. 

Carnot,  A.  (Ann.  Mines,  9th  ser.,  6  (1894),  p.  355),  reports 
a  series  of  analyses  of  French  mineral  waters  made  at  the 
6cole  du  Mines,  containing  data  for  the  period  from  January, 
1885,  to  June,  1894.  The  following  contained  alumina  (grams 
per  liter):  "Sources  de  Fraysse,  No.  i,"  Commune  de  Cransac, 
De'partement  1'Aveyron,  0.0016;  "Sources  de  Fraysse,  No.  2," 
0.0840,  which  were  calculated  to  be  equal  to  0.0087  and  0.2790 
gm.  A12(SO4)3  respectively.  The  "Sources  Roques"  and  "Rou- 
quette,"  Cransac,  Departement  1'Aveyron,  contained  respec- 
tively 0.0093  and  0.0071  A12O3  equal  to  0.0300  and  0.0230 
aluminium  sulphate.  The  "Sources  No.  2,"  Cransac,  con- 
tained 0.1340  Al2O3  =  o.4462  aluminium  sulphate.  Water  from 
the  Briscous  salt-wells,  Commune  Briscous,  De'partement  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  0.0050  A12O3  (with  traces  of  Fe2O3).  (See  also 
Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  in,  p.  192.) 


6O  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Carnot,  A.  (Ann.  Mines,  gth  ser.,  16  (1899),  p.  33),  reports  a 
later  series  of  analyses  of  mineral  waters  made  at  the  laboratory 
of  the  ficole  Nationale  superieure  des  Mines,  July,  1 894-5 une, 
1899.  In.  the  following,  alumina  was  reported  (grams  per 
liter):  "Source  Saint-Louis,"  Departement  de  la  Drome,  0.1650 
(  =  0.5505  aluminium  sulphate);  spring,  Canton  et  Arrond.  de 
Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  Departement  Hautes-Pyrenees,  0.00060. 

Casali,  A.  (Staz.  Sper.  Agr.  Ital.,  19,  p.  509;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1890,  p.  2658),  notes  traces  of  aluminium  in  potable  water 
from  Bologna,  Riggio-Emilia,  Ferrara,  and  Ancona. 

Casselmann,  W.  (Jahrb.  Ver.  Naturk.  Herzogthum  Nassau, 
No.  15,  p.  139;  Jour.  Prak.  Chem.,  83,  p.  385;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1861,  p.  874;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  1094),  reports  alumina 
(per  cent  by  weight)  as  follows  in  Nassau  mineral  water :  Sool- 
sprudel,  0.00062;  Soolsprudel  (sample  taken  in  1859),  0.00012; 
No.  IV  (1857),  0.00054;  No.  VII  (1858),  0.00005;  No-  I  (1^59), 
0.00016;  No.  X  (1859),  0.000023;  No.  Ill  (1859),  0.00016; 
and  Neuenhainerquelle  (1860),  trace. 

Cassels,  J.  L.  (Amer.  Chem.,  4  (1873),  p.  169;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1246),  reports  0.333  £m-  A1203 
per  10,000  cc.  in  spring- water  from  Castalia,  Ohio. 

Chandler,  C.  F.,  F.  A.  Cairns,  and  S.  P.  Sharpless  (Ann. 
Chem.,  2d  ser.,  3,  pp.  93,  164,  and  202;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  Nau- 
mann, 1872,  p.  1189)  found  in  the  Saratoga  waters  "Glacier 
Spouting,"  "Empire,"  and  "Triton,"  0.08  gm.,  0.07  gm.,  and  a 
trace  of  alumina  per  10  liters. 

Chandler,  C.  F.,  and  F.  A.  Cairns  (Amer.  Chem.,  4  (1873), 
p.  86;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1246)  note  0.055 
gm.  A12O3  per  10  liters  in  Saratoga  union  spring-water  (0.324 
grains  per  gallon). 

Chandler,  C.  F.,  and  F.  A.  Cairns  (Amer.  Chem.,  6,  p.  241; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1876,  p.  1309)  report  0.1002  gm.  A12O,  per 
10,000  cc.  in  St.  Leon  water  from  Canada,  and  (Amer.  Chem., 
6,  p-  37°;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1876,  p.  1309)  0.0220  gm.  A12O3 
per  10,000  cc.  in  artesian  water  from  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin. 

Chatard,  T.  M.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bui.  9,  p.  23),  found  in 
water  from  Humboldt  River,  Nevada,  0.3615  gm.  total  solids 
per  liter,  of  which  0.0013  IT01-  or  °-37  Per  cent  was  A12O3. 

Chatard,  T.  M.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bui.  9,  p.  24),  in  water 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  6 1 

from  Hot  Springs,  Hot  Springs  Station,  Nevada,  found  2.4924 
gms.  total  solids  per  liter,  o.ooio  gm.  or  0.04  per  cent  being 
aluminium. 

Chatard,  T.  M.  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bui.  9,  p.  27),  found 
in  warm  spring-water,  Mono  Basin,  California,  2.0850  gms.  total 
solids,  containing  0.0018  gm.  or  0.09  per  cent  A12O3. 

Chatard,  T.  M.  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bui.  9,  p.  29),  found 
in  water  from  City  Creek,  Utah  (collected  above  reservoir  which 
supplied  Salt  Lake  City),  0.2400  gm.  total  solids  per  liter, 
o.ooio  gm.  or  0.041  per  cent  being  A12O3. 

Chatard,  T.  M.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bui.  55,  p.  93),  found 
in  water  from  Owens  Lake,  California,  0.023  gm-  A12O3  per  kilo. 

Chatard,  T.  M.  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bui.  64,  pp.  59,  60), 
notes  0.0005  and  0.0012  gm.  A12O3  per  liter  respectively  in 
artesian  wells  A  and  B,  St.  Augustine,  Florida;  also  0.0077 
gm.  A12O3  per  liter  in  water  from  a  well  four  miles  northwest 
of  Clinton,  Miss. 

Chevallier,  A.  (Jour.  Chem.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  7,  p.  193;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1851,  p.  666),  found  0.125  gm-  alumina  and  silica  per 
liter  in  mineral  water  from  Wattweiler. 

Clark  (Chem.  Soc.  Quar.  Jour.,  i,  p.  155;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1848,  p.  650;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  998)  notes  a  trace 
of  alumina  in  the  Thames  water  at  Twickenham. 

Clark,  F.  W.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bui.  55,  p.  92;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1891,  p.  2622),  reports  0.0020  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc.  in 
Potash  Sulphur  Spring  water  from  Garland  County,  eight 
miles  southeast  from  Hot  Springs. 

Cloez,  C.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  98,  p.  1282; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1884,  p.  2036),  found  0.0710  gm.  Al2O3,SiO2 
per  1000  c.c.  in  a  mineral  spring  near  Brucourt,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Dives,  France. 

Crawfurd  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  6,  p.  161;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1875,  p.  267;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  722)  notes 
0.023421  Al2O3.SiO3  per  1000  parts  in  mineral  water  from 
Kellberg  near  Passau,  Germany. 

Crook,  J.  K.  (Mineral  Waters  of  the  United  States  and 
their  Therapeutic  Uses,  Philadelphia,  1899),  made  an  exten- 
sive compilation  of  analyses  of  mineral  waters  of  the  United 
States  which  was  based,  the  author  says,  on  treatises  on 


62  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

mineral  waters,  issued  by  the  various  States,  National  Geological 
reports,  railroad  guides,  etc.,  as  well  as  information  received 
in  reply  to  inquiries  addressed  to  all  spring  resorts  and  com- 
mercial springs  of  the  United  States  which  could  be  reached. 
Personal  visits  were  also  paid  to  many  of  the  more  important 
localities.  In  quoting  analytical  data  he  has  expressed  the 
results  in  grains  per  United  States  gallon.  The  whole  subject 
is  discussed  with  special  reference  to  the  use  of  mineral  waters 
in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It  has  been  the  author's  purpose 
to  include  all  the  springs  of  the  United  States  whose  waters 
are  actually  used  at  the  present  time.  The  following  state- 
ments are  made  regarding  aluminium  in  discussing  the  value 
of  the  different  constituents  of  mineral  waters: 

"This  substance  is  found  in  springs  in  the  form  of  the  oxide, 
or  alumina,  and  of  the  sulphate.  It  occurs  in  variable  quan- 
tities, ranging  from  a  mere  trace  to  sixty  or  eighty  grains  per 
gallon,  as  seen  in  some  of  the  Virginia  alum  springs.  The 
sulphate  is  almost  always  present  in  the  sulphureted  chalyb- 
eate waters,  and,  as  stated  above,  in  the  acid  springs.  The 
internal  use  of  alum  waters  is  generally  governed  by  these 
associated  ingredients.  Some  of  the  alum  springs  have  acquired 
a  considerable  reputation  in  scrofulous  diseases  and  in  chronic 
diarrhoea  and  dysentery.  The  iron-alum  waters  are  beneficial 
in  passive  hemorrhages  and  in  exhausting  night -sweats.  Locally 
their  astringent  action  calls  them  into  service  in  much  the 
same  class  of  cases  as  are  benefited  by  the  acid  waters.  They 
have  produced  valuable  results  in  conjunctivitis,  stomatitis, 
chronic  vaginitis,  and  other  relaxed  or  inflammatory  states 
of  those  portions  of  the  mucous  surfaces  accessible  to  local 
treatment.  They  have  also  been  found  to  act  as  a  useful 
auxiliary  in  the  treatment  of  ulcerated  surfaces,  abrasions,  etc. 
In  large  quantities  the  alum  waters  have  a  laxative  influence, 
but  they  are  seldom  used  in  virtue  of  this  action." 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  data  quoted  from  Dr. 
Crook's  report: 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  63 

ALUMINIUM    IN    SPRING-WATERS   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  U.  S. 
Gallon. 

Alumina 

iTs. 

Gallon. 

Alabama. 
Matchless  Mineral  Wells.  .  . 

f    E.  A.  Smith, 

oi 

Grains. 

Grains. 
•>    6C 

Arkansas. 
Arkansas  Lithia  Springs.  .  . 

\    J.  B.  Little 
Muehler 

08 

3  •  U3 
O    O2 

California. 
Agua  de  Vida  Lower  Spring 

Anderson 

I  IO 

37 

Agua  de  Vida  Upper  Spring 

Anderson 

I  IO 

4.O 

Alum  Rock  Alkaline  Saline 
Spring  
Alum  Rock  Chalybeate  Sp'g 

Anderson 
Hatch 

112 
112 



6-45 

Anderson  Iron  Spring 

G  E.  Colby 

I  14 

•  XJ 
O3 

Anderson  Sour  Spring 

G.  E.  Colby 

lie 

1    II 

Blodgett's  Springs  

Anderson 

I2O 

41  3 

Calistoga  Springs 

Anderson 

126 

Calistoga  Swimming  Pool.  .  . 
El    Paso    de    Robles,   Main 
Sulphur  Spring 

Anderson 
Anderson 

126 

I  70 



•4/ 
.27 

2  ? 

El    Paso    de    Robles,   Soda 
Spring                      

Anderson 

I  31 

•  ^0 

8c 

Eureka  Springs          

W.  D.  Johnson 

I  31 

•^j 
i    30 

Felt's  Mineral  Springs 

1^2 

d 

California  Geysers,    Lemon- 
ade Spring 

T.  Price 

I^S 

32    02 

California  Geysers,  Witches' 
Caldron 

T.  Price 

178 

2     04 

2  7 

California  Geysers,  Acid  Sp'g 
CaliforniaGeysers,Alum  Sp'g 
California  Geysers,  Iron  Gey- 
ser Creek              .... 

T.  Price 
T.  Price 

T.  Price 

N>  Go  Oo  C 
X  00  00 

20  .62 
63.82 

80 

California    Geysers,    Spring 
on  hill                  

T.  Price 

138 

.  2O 

California  Geysers  Iron  Sp'g 

T  Price 

138 

I  7 

California    Geysers,     Indian 
Spring  
California  Geysers,  Mud  In- 
dian Spring  

T.  Price 
T.  Price 

138 
138 

22.78 

.18 

California    Geysers,     Spring 
little  above  Indian  Spring 
California  Geysers,  hot    sul- 
phur-water,   above    bath- 
house   

T.  Price 
T.  Price 

138 
138 

118.78 
2  .  3O 

California     Geysers,    Devil's 
Teakettle       

T  Price 

138 

3i    16 

Glen  Alpine  Springs  

Anderson 

142 

I    43 

Gordon  Springs  

Anderson 

142 

7       C  IT 

Harbin  Hot  Sulphur  Spring 

144 

I      6O 

Harbin  Chalybeate  Spring.  . 

144 

7  3 

a.  Amount  not  stated.     Qualitative  analysis. 


64  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ALUMINIUM  IN  SPRING-WATERS.— Continued. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  U.  S. 
Gallon. 

Alumina 

« 

Gallon. 

Highland  Seltzer  

W  Anderson 

146 

Grains. 

Grains. 
17^ 

Highland  Dutch  or  Ems 

"W^  Anderson 

146 

I  2 

Hot  Borate 

147 

2    Od. 

Howard  Springs,  Excelsior, 
No   i                           

W  T  Wenzell 

148 

O    O  ^ 

Howard  Springs,  The  Twins, 
No   2                 

W  T  Wenzell 

148 

O     I  5 

Howard     Springs,    Eureka, 
No   7 

W  T  Wenzell 

148 

O    IO 

Howard    Springs,    Neptune, 
No  4 

W  T  Wenzell 

148 

O    IO 

Howard  Springs  Soda  No.  ^ 

W  T  Wenzell 

148 

O     I  7. 

Lane  Mineral  Springs            \ 

San   Francisco   Re- 
finin0"  and  Analyti- 

I. i  en 

2     OI 

cal  Association 

Litton  Seltzer  Springs  

W  Anderson 

I  CI 

6  81 

Mark  West  Springs  

1^2 

a 

Mono  Lake 

"W  Anderson 

I  C.  7 

26  67. 

Pagoda  Spring  (Napa  Soda) 

"^T  Anderson 

ICC 

c  7 

Newsom's     Arroyo    Grande 
Springs                                  .  . 

"W  Anderson 

1^,6 

7  7 

Pacific  Con°ress  Springs 

"W^  Anderson 

*.3~' 

1*8 

4CQ 

Great     Paraiso     Hot    Soda 
Springs                                .  .  . 

160 

c,6 

Piedmont     White      Sulphur 
"Iron  Springs  " 

"W^  Anderson 

161 

A  £ 

Santa  Barbara  Hot  Springs.  . 
Santa   Rosa  White  Sulphur 
Springs 

W.  Anderson 
"W  Anderson 

162 
161 

2  .90 

•*+J 
Ql 

Santa        Ysabel        Sulphur 
Springs   "  Main  "W^arm  " 

TV"  Anderson 

164. 

7  •» 

Santa      Ysabel      Sulphur 
Springs  Cold  Sulphur  No  I 

"W  Anderson 

l6A 

•  to 

8* 

Santa      Ysabel      Sulphur 
Springs  Cold  Sulphur  No  2 

"W^  Anderson 

l64. 

84. 

Santa  Ysabel  Warm  Sulphur 
Mud 

W  Anderson 

i6<; 

6? 

Summit  Soda  Springs 

"W    \nderson 

168 

I     17 

Thermal  Acid  (Caso  Range) 

160 

7404  .41  ? 

A  •  •"•  o 

Tolenas  Springs                      .  . 

W  Anderson 

170 

I     IO 

Tuscan  (or  Lick)  Springs 

F  W   Hatch 

170 

& 

TVilbur  Springs 

W  Anderson 

m' 

3Q7 

\\7itter's  Mineral  Springs 

174 

i   6? 

Young's    Natural-gas     Well 
and  Mineral  Springs 

W  Anderson 

I71? 

c    !8 

Colorado  . 
Manitou        Soda       Springs, 
Manitou            

E.   Waller 

187 

.07 

a.  Qualitative  analyses.     Amount  not  reported. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  65 

ALUMINIUM  IN  SPRING-WATERS.— Continued. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  U.  S. 
Gallon. 

Alumina 
per 
U.S. 

Gallon. 

Manitou        Soda       Springs, 
Na.va.jo                      

E   Waller 

187 

Grains. 

Grains. 
I  O 

Poncho  Hot  Springs 

I  QO 

5     20 

Connecticut, 
Stafford.  Spring 

L    Norton 

IQ7 

•  ^w 
J  J 

Georgia. 
Bowden  Lithia  Upper  Spring 
Bowden  Lithia  Lower  Spring 
Bowden  Lithia  Lower  Spring 
Franklin  Spring 

Pratt 
Pratt 
Doremus 

206 
206 
206 
212 

i-33 
2.61 

-53 
a 

Hughes'  Mineral  Well  
Trentham  Spring    

H.  C.  White 

214 

218 

I  .02 

a 

Meriweather   County  Warm 
Sorin0' 

H   C  White 

210 

A.6 

Idaho. 
Indan-Ha  Spring 

C  F  Chandler 

222 

o  ? 

Illinois. 
Kane       County       Magnesia 
Sorin^ 

W  S  Hains 

226 

oo 

Indiana. 
Indian       Alkaline        Saline 
Sprin0"                   

E.  T.  Cox 

2"?I 

.82 

Magnetic  Mineral  Spring.  .  .  . 
Iowa. 
Fry's  Mineral  Spring 

W.  A.Noyes 
W  S  Hains 

234 
2  3Q 

-J7 

066 

Lineville  Mineral  Springs 

A  E   Woodward 

2  T.Q 

28 

Kansas. 
Geuda  Spring  No   i        

Bailey 

244 

06 

Geuda  Spring  No.  2  

Bailey 

244 

.01 

Geuda  Sprin°"  No  4 

Bailey 

24.  4 

OI 

Geuda  Spring  No.  5  
Geuda  Spring  No   7  

Bailey 
Bailey 

244 
244 



.01 
OI 

Topeka  Mineral  ^Vells 

Barnes  and  Sims 

2  47 

4.O 

Kentucky. 
~Q\cr  Bone  Springs 

2  Co 

a 

Maine. 
Keystone  Spring 

R.  C.  Stanley 

261; 

8c.c 

Maryland. 
Mardela  Spring 

P.  B.  Wilson 

272 

•3A 

a.  Qualitative  analyses.     Amount  not  given. 

b.  Heinrichs,  in  an  analysis  of  this  water,  reports  .29  grains  "Silica  Alumina"  per 
U.  S.  gallon. 

c.  With  silica. 


66  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ALUMINIUM   IN  SPRING-WATERS.— Continued. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  U.  S. 
Gallon. 

Alumina 
Gallon. 

Michigan. 
Clark's     Riverside     Mineral 
Springs 

S  P  Duffield 

286 

Grains. 

Grains. 
13    41 

Eastman's     Springs,      King 
David                             

286 

1  1 

Eastman's  Springs,  Bimini  .  . 

287 

O  3 

Eastman's   Springs,    Golden 
Fountain    

288 

OI 

Owosso  Mineral  Water  

St.  Clair  Mineral  Spring  

S.  P.  Duffield 

206 

830  oo 

Minesota. 
Indian  Medical  Spring  

C.  W.  Drew 

200 

03 

White  Mineral  Spring  

W.  A.  Noyes 

2QO 

Mississippi. 
Brown's  Wells,  Spring  No.  i. 
Brown's  Wells,  Spring  No.  2. 
Castilian      Mineral     Spring, 
No   i 

J  .R.  Chilton 
G.  Little 

E  W  Hilgard 

302 

302 

8.  ii 
b 

b 

Missouri. 
B   B.  Mineral  Water  

P  Schweitzer 

18  31 

Blue  Lick  Springs 

P  Schweitzer 

3  IO 

b 

Blue  Lick  Springs 

311 

IO    2  ? 
0.23 

Excelsior  Springs 

312 

Nevada. 
Walley's  Hot  Springs  

J.  W.  Phillips 

32  "? 

.02 

New  Hampshire. 

j     Jackson,  also    ) 

327 

b 

Londonderry  Lithia  Spring.  . 
New  Mexico. 
Las      Vegas      Hot     Spring, 
No.  6  

"j        Richards        J 
H.  Halvorson 

W.  S.  Hains 

328 

5-05 

.IO 

New  York. 
Geneva  Lithia  Water  
Deer  Lick  Spring 

A.  A.  Cunningham 
C  F   Chandler 

350 

3  ^4. 

8-75 

North  Carolina. 
Thompson's         Bromine-  ar- 
senic Spring 

H  Froehling 

374. 

c 

a  With  silica. 

b.  Amount  not  given.     Qualitative  analyses. 

c.  Contains  .12  grain  aluminium  phosphate  per  U.  S.  gallon. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 


67 


ALUMINIUM  IN  SPRING-WATERS.— Continued. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  U.  S. 
Gallon. 

Alumina 

ifs. 

Gallon. 

North  Carolina  Hot  Springs  . 
Park's  Springs                     .  .  . 

j     Chandler  and 
1           Pellew 
A.  R.  Ledoux 

V.  G.  Bloede 
V.  G.  Bloede 

F.  A.  Genth 
C.  M.  Cresson 
W.    A.    Middleton? 

C.  B.  Gibson? 
C.  B.  Gibson? 

J.  W.  Slocum 
/.  T.  Anderson 
.  M.  Safford  and 
}    J.  C.  Wharton 

W.  H.  Johnson 
E.  Everhart 
E.  Everhart 

A.  Meacham 
S.  F.  Baird 

E.  T.  Fristoe 
H.  Froehling 

376 
378 

400 
400 

406 
409 
416 

430 
431 

435 
444 

446 

449 
452 
452 

460 
461 

476 

480 
482 

485 
489 

497 

Grains. 

Grains. 
.04 

3-5° 

.  II 
.09 

.  I2& 
C 

.27 

.02 

•30 
.  12 

be 

•25 

.166 
d 

e 
f 

Pennsylvania. 
Bedford  Magnesia  Spring.  .  . 
Bedford        Bowling       Alley 
Spring 

Gaylord  &    Gulick    Mineral 
Springs       .  .                  

6.580 

Minnequa  Springs    

Tuscarora  Lithia  Spring.  .  .  . 
South  Dakota. 
South  Dakota  Hot  Springs, 
Mammoth  Mineral  Spring  . 
Lakatah  Springs  

Tennessee. 
Dixie  Mineral  Water  

Red  Boiling  Springs,  No.  2  .  . 
Upper  Red  Boiling  Spring  .  . 
Texas. 
Burdett  Mineral  Wells  
Overall  Mineral  Well  No.  i.  . 
Overall  Mineral  Well  No.  2   . 

Utah. 
Midway  Warm  Springs  
Utah  Hot  Springs 

•IS 

81.71 
4.99 

.56 

Virginia. 
Harris    An  ti  dyspeptic     and 
Tonic  Springs  No   i 

Blue  Ridge  Springs   .  . 

Cold  Sulphur  Springs  

2  .46 

Crocket's        Arsenic  -  Lithia 
Springs 

H.  Froehling 
M.  B.  Hardin 

W.  H.  Taylor 

Glenola  (Wayland)  Spring  .  . 
Hunter's       Pulaski       Alum 
Springs 

1  6  .40 

a.  Practically  the  same  analyses  as  quoted  by  Peale  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bulletin 
32,  page  49)  for  Blassburg  (Pa.)  springs. 

b.  The  value  given  refers  to  aluminium. 

c.  Qualitative  analyses.     Amount  not  reported. 

d.  Contains  .02  grain  aluminium  phosphate  and  .15  grain  aluminium  silicate  per  U.  S. 
gallon. 

e.  Contains  trace  of  aluminium  phosphate  and  .12  grains  aluminium  silicate  per  U.  S. 
gallon. 

f.  Contains  .04  grain  aluminium  phosphate  and  .20  grain  aluminium  silicate  per  U.  S. 
gallon. 


68  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ALUMINIUM  IN  SPRING-WATERS.— Continued. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  U.  S. 
Gallon. 

Alumina 
per 
US. 
Gallon. 

Iron  Lithia  Springs  

H   Froehling 

4-07 

Grains. 
8    CK 

Grains. 

a 

Massanetta  Springs  

J   W  Mallet 

4-00 

O     I  "\ 

Milboro  Sulphur  Spring  
Roanoke  Red  Sulphur  Cha- 
lybeate Spring 

G.  B.  M.  Zerr 
H   Froehling 

500 
r  06 

b 

o  ? 

.26 

c 

West  Virginia. 
Hart  Well 

S  C  Wells 

r  •?  i 

•W0 

d 

Wisconsin. 
Allouez  Mineral  Water  

W.  W.  Daniels 

cor 

17 

Fort        Crawford       Mineral 
Water 

G  Bode 

r  -2  7 

66 

Wyoming. 

Fountain     Geyser,    Yellow- 
stone National  Park 

r  c  2 

06^ 

a.  With  .  1 1  grain  aluminium  phosphate  per  U.  S.  gallon  in  addition. 

b.  With  trace  of  aluminium  phosphate  in  addition. 

c.  With  .02  grain  aluminium  phosphate  per  U.  S.  gallon  in  addition. 

d.  Contains  .03  grain   aluminium   phosphate  and  .09  grain  aluminium  and  iron  car- 
"bonate  per   J.  S.  gallon.     See  also  analyses  quoted  by  Peale,  U.  S.  Geological   Survey 
Bulletin  32,  page   73. 

e.  Chemical  combinations  calculated  by  E.  E.  Smith  from  analytical  data. 


Dambergis,  A.  K.  (Ber.  Dent.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  20,  p.  3328; 
in  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  54  (1888),  II,  p.  238),  in  the 
water  of  one  of  the  sulphur  springs  of  the  peninsula  of  Methana 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Chelona  range  near  the  village  of 
Wromolimni,  reports  0.019  parts  A12O3  per  10,000. 

Dambergis  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  19,  p.  2538;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  52  (1887),  II,  p.  23)  reports  0.0200  alumina 
in  water  from  ^Egina  Springs  and  0.06000  in  water  from  Andros, 
grams  per  10,000  cc.  in  both  cases. 

Davis,  R.  H.  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  39,  p.  19;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1881,  p.  1449),  notes  12.78  gms.  A12O3  per  10,000  cc. 
in  the  Harrowgate,  England,  "Old  Alum  Well." 

Darton,  N.  H.  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bui.  138),  in  his 
report  on  artesian  well  prospects  on  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain 
region,  quotes  a  number  of  analyses  of  water  in  which  iron 
and  alumina  are  reported  together. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  69 

De  Luca  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  67,  p.  909;  Inst. 
1868,  p.  354;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  1040)  reports 
traces  of  alumina  in  the  "Solfatare"  of  Puzzuoli. 

De  Luca,  S.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  70,  p.  408;  Jour. 
Pharm.,  4thser.,  12,  p.  33;  Inst.  1870,  p.  49;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1870, 
p.  1 80;  Chem.  News,  21,  p.  119;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  Naumann, 
1870,  p.  1389),  reports  0.335  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc.  in  the 
"Solfatare"  water  from  Pozzuoli. 

De  Negri,  A.  and  E.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  8  (1878),  p.  120; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London  (1878),  II,  p.  715),  note  0.000417 
gm.  aluminium  phosphate  per  liter  in  mineral  water  from 
Casteggio,  Italy. 

Devarda,  A.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1891,  II,  p.  365;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1891,  p.  2619),  in  mineral  water  from  Costalta  (Southern 
Tyrol),  notes  0.01614  gm.  Al2O3.3SiO2  per  1000  cc. 

Deville  (Ann.  Chim.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  23,  p.  32  ;  Arch.  Pharm., 
2d  ser.,  55,  p.  301;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  996)  analyzed 
a  number  of  waters,  finding  alumina  as  follows  (grams  per 
100,000  cc.):  Seine  River  at  Bercy,  0.0005;  Rhine  at  Stras- 
burg,  0.0025;  Loire  at  Orleans,  0.0071;  Rhone  at  Geneva, 
0.0039;  Doubs  at  Rivotte,  0.0021;  Mouillere  spring- water, 
0.0043;  Billecul  Spring,  0.0043  ;  Arcier  Spring,  0.0090;  Bregille 
Spring  at  Besan9on,  0.0065;  Suzon  Spring  at  Dijon,  o.ooio; 
Arcueil  at  Paris,  0.0053;  well  in  the  Grand  Rue,  0.0094;  well 
Rue  de  la  Prefecture,  0.0062;  and  at  the  Facultd  des  Sciences 
at  BesanQon,  0.0039. 

Dewar,  J.  (Chem.  News,  24,  p.  171;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  25  (1872),  p.  60),  found  1.8  grains  A12O3  per  gallon 
in  the  acidulous  chalybeate  water  from  Melrose. 

Dietrich,  H.  (Min.  Petr.  Mitth.,  2d  ser.,  3,  p.  439;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1880,  p.  1527),  reports  0.005,  0.006,  and  0.005  £m-  A12O3 
per  10,000  gms.,  respectively,  in  three  mineral  springs  at  Krynica, 
Austria-Hungary. 

Dietrich,  H.  (Jahrb.  K.  K.  Geol.  Reichsanst.,  43  (1893), 
p.  275;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  435),  found 
0.00335  A1,O3  per  1000  parts  in  the  water  of  the  Klebelsberg 
Spring,  Ischl,  Austria. 

Dormoy  (Ann.  Min.,  6th  ser.,  12,  p.  461 ;  Jahrb.  Chem.  Will.. 
1867,  p.  1040)  reports  alumina  with  iron  oxid  or  iron  and 


70  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

manganese  oxid  in  fourteen  waters  from  Luxeuil,  the  amount 
ranging  from  0.00157  to  0.01486  gm.  per  liter. 

Drown,  T.  M.  (State  Board  Health  Mass.  Rpt.,  24  (1892), 
p.  345),  reported  analyses  of  a  number  of  waters  from  Massa- 
chusetts. The  data  regarding  alumina  follow: 

ALUMINIUM  IN  MASSACHUSETTS  WATERS. 


Kind  of  Water. 


Alumina. 
Parts  per 
100,000. 


Mansfield,  well 0.0173 

Framingham,  Spring  northeast  of  sewage  fields 0444 

Stoughton,  well 047 5 

Everett,  Spring 0325 

Maiden,  tubular  wells -0125 

Framingham,  Spring  northwest  of  sewage  field .0250 

Hyde  Park,  Neponset  River .0062 

Hyde  Park,  tubular  wells  near  river .  0440 

Hyde  Park,  starch-factory  well  near  river 0175 

Woburn,  Horn  Pond 0409 

Woburn,  filter-gallery 0143 

Wayland,  reservoir .0360 

Wayland,  filter-gallery -°475 

Westborough,  Insane  Hospital  tubular  wells -025o 

Reading,  filter-gallery .0493 

Bradford,  Well  No.  7 0250 

Bradford,  Well  No.  12 oioo 

Marblehead  Water  Co.,  Swampscott,  large  wells  and  tubular 

wells 0125 

Marblehead,  town  supply,  large  well  and  tubular  wells .0110 

Lawrence,  sewage  filtered  through  filter-paper -385° 

Lawrence,  effluent  from  intermittent  filtration  of  sewage. 

Tank  No.  4 0266 

Lawrence,  effluent  from  intermittent  filtration  of  sewage. 

Tank  No.  9 0457 


Du  Menil  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  69  (1852),  p.  i;  Pharrru 
Centbl.,  1852,  p.  229;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1852,  p.  754)  found 
0.500  grain  alumina  (with  silica)  per  3  pounds  in  sulphur- water 
from  Seebruch  near  Vlotho. 

Du  Ponteil  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  96,  p.  193:  Jour.  Prakt, 
Chem.,  67,  p.  249;  Chem.  'Centbl.,  1856,  p.  4:  Ann.  Chim. 
Phys.,  3d  ser.,  46,  p.  233;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  831)  found 
0.3546  A12O3-3SO3  per  100  parts  in  the  clear  yellow  very  acid 
water  of  a  hot  lake  on  the  volcanic  White  Island,  Plenty  Bay, 
New  Zealand. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  71 

Eakins,  L.  G.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  60,  p.  172),  found 
in  water  from  a  zooo-foot  well  in  Lebanon,  Missouri,  0.0032 
gm.  A12O3  per  liter. 

Effenberger,  A.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.  51,  2.  Abt.,  p.  252; 
Chem.  CentbL,  1865,  p.  848;  Jahresber.  Chem.  Will...  1865, 
p.  934),  notes  per  10,000  parts,  0.006  part  alumina  in  the 
medicinal  springs  at  Mullaken  in  Upper  Austria. 

Egger,  E.    (Chem.   CentbL,    1881,  p.   664;    Jahresb.   Chem., 

1 88 1,  p.    1443),  reports  an  analysis  of  the  Adelheidquelle  at 
Heilbrunn,  Germany.     This  water  contained  o.ooio  gm.  A12O3 
per  1000  cc. 

Egger,  E.    (Chem.  CentbL,    1882,  p.    187;    Jahresb.   Chem., 

1882,  p.  1629),  in  a  sulphur  spring  at  Seon,  Germany,  reports 
0.0018  gm.   aluminium  phosphate  per   1000  cc. 

Emerson,  B.  K.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mon.  29,  p.  750),  quotes 
an  analysis  made  by  S.  D.  Hayes  of  the  water  of  Mount  Mineral 
Spring,  Shutesbury,  Massachusetts.  A  trace  of  alumina  is 
reported. 

Emerson,  B.  K.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  159,  p.  91),  reports 
12.80  A12O3  parts  per  1,000,000  in  water  from  an  artesian  well 
in  Dalton,  Massachusetts. 

Emmons,  S.  F.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Rpt.,  17  (1895-96), 
pt.  II,  p.  411),  in  an  article  on  the  mines  of  Custer 
County,  Colorado,  reports  a  number  of  analyses  by  Hillebrant. 
Vadose  water  from  the  Geyser  mine,  5oo-foot  level,  contained 
0.8  A12O3-P2O5  parts  per  1,000,000  (p.  461);  deep  water  from 
the  Geyser  mine,  20oo-foot  level,  1.06  A12O3  parts  per  1,000,000 
(p.  462).  These  values  refer  to  the  theoretical  composition  of 
the  water  before  sediment  was  deposited. 

Essner,  J.  C.  (Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  3d  ser.,  6,  p.  148;  Jahresb. 
Chem..  1891,  p.  2615),  reports  0.240  gm.  aluminium  sulphate 
(  +  i8H2O)  per  1000  cc.  in  a  subterranean  water  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Port  Vendres. 

Essner,  J.  C.  (Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  3d  ser.,  7,  p.  480;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1892,  p.  2688).  reports  0.0240  gm.  (?)  A1?O3  per  1000  cc. 
in  water  from  the  iron  sulphur  spring  at  Roufaque. 

Fehling  (Wiirttemberg.  Naturwissensch.  Jahreshefte,  13, 
p.  113,  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  720)  found  traces  of  alumina 


?2  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

in  the  following  artesian  mineral  water  from  the  Stuttgart 
bath  near  Berg:  Haupt-Trinkquelle  and  Westliche  Quelle. 

Fehling  (Wurttemberg.  Naturw.  Jahreshefte,  16,  pp.  106, 
129;  Neues  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  14,  pp.  286,  295;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1860,  pp.  833,  834)  reports  alumina  as  follows  (grams  per 
100,000)  in  Wurttemberg  mineral  waters:  Wildbad  Warm 
Springs;  Trinkquelle  No.  10,  Trinkhalle,  0.055;  Quelle  No.  19, 
Katherienbad,  0.059;  mixture  of  water  from  ten  springs,  0.070; 
Teinach  mineral  springs,  Hirschquelle,  0.126;  Bachquelle,  trace ; 
and  Dintenquelle,  0.071. 

Fehling,  H.  (Wurttemb.  Naturw.  Jahresb.,  22,  pp.  129,  147, 
159;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1867,  p.  1035),  notes  an  average  of 
0.055  parts  of  alumina  per  100,000  in  waters  from  Wildbad; 
0.038  in  water  from  Liebenzell;  traces  in  Bachquelle  from 
Teinach,  and  0.126  in  Hirschquelle  from  Teinach. 

Feliciani,  G.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  26  (1896),  I,  p.  281;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  615),  notes  a  trace  of 
alumina  in  the  water  of  the  acid  spring  at  Ponte  Molle  near 
Rome. 

Fellenberg  reports  (Untersuchung  d.  Schwefelwasser  d. 
Gurnigelbades,  Bern,  1849;  Jahresber.  Chem.  Will.,  1850,  p.  623) 
0.0051  part  aluminium  silicate  per  10,000  gms.  in  one  water 
analyzed,  designated  No.  A.  Further,  0.08  alumina  and  iron 
oxid  in  another,  designated  No.  B.  The  author  also  analyzed 
the  water  from  two  other  sulphur  springs  from  the  same 
neighborhood.  No  aluminium  was  reported  in  either.  In  the 
sediment  of  the  Stockquelle  (1.  c.,  p.  624)  he  found  14.47  Per 
cent  alumina  (with  calcium  phosphate).  The  Stockquelle 
water  was  one  of  those  mentioned  which  contained  no  alumina. 

Ferstl  (Jahrb.  K.  K.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  1853,  No.  4,  p. 
683;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  712)  reports  in  the  Luhatschowitz 
(Austria)  mineral  water,  Vincenzbrunnen,  Amandbrunnen, 
Johannisbrunnen,  and  Luisenquelle,  aluminium  phosphate 
(parts  per  1000)  as  follows:  0.0047,  0.0048,  0.0041,  and 
0.0086,  respectively. 

Figuier  and  Mialhe  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  13,  p.  401;  Jour. 
Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  4,  p.  635;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1848,  p.  662; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1005)  note  a  trace  of  alumina 
in  Niederbronn  (Alsace)  and  alumina  (grams  per  1000  cc.) 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  73 

as  follows  in  mineral  water  from  Bourbonne:  Source  de  la 
Place,  0.030;  Source  de  1'inte'rieur  de  1'etablissement,  0.029. 
They  also  note  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  n,  p.  338;  Jour.  Prakt. 
Chem.,  42,  p.  465;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1847,  p.  431;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1006)  a  trace  of  aluminium  in  mineral 
water  from  Rieumajou  near  Salvetat,  Dept.  de  I'Hdrault. 

Filhol  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  20,  p.  81;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1851,  p.  664)  reports  aluminium  silicate  (gms.  per  1000  cc.) 
in  Bagtteres-de-Luchon  springs  as  follows:  Bayen,  a  trace; 
Azemar,  0.0237;  Richard  (upper  spring),  0.0292;  Grotte  supe- 
rieure,  0.0109;  Blanche,  o.oioi ;  Ferras  (upper  spring  No.  2), 
trace;  Pre  No.  i  and  Bordeu  No.  4,  each  0.0073;  Grotte  infe- 
rieure,  0.0141,  and  La  Reine,  0.0274.  Ferras  also  contained 
0.0022  gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc.,  and  La  Reine  a  trace. 

Filippuzzi  (Wiener.  Acad.  Ber.  21,  p.  561;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1856,  p.  937;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  773)  reports  0.01927 
aluminium  phosphate  and  0.36004  aluminium  sulphate  per 
10,000  parts  in  mineral  water  from  Valdagno,  Italy. 

Finckh,  C.  (Neue.  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  34,  p.  13;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1870,  p.  615;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1382),  notes 
traces  of  aluminium  in  Ochsenhausen  mineral  water  from 
Bieberach,  Germany. 

Fluckiger,  F.  A.  (Mittheil.  Naturf.  Gesellsch.  Bern,  1862, 
p.  17;  Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  in  (1862),  p.  in  ;  Vierteljahressch. 
Prakt.  Pharm.,  n,  p.  342;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  820), 
analyzed  a  sample  of  acid  water  taken  by  Stohr  and  Zollinger 
in  1858  at  the  first  waterfall  of  the  brook  Sungi  Pa'it  flowing 
from  the  lake  in  the  crater  of  Idjen  volcano  in  Java.  It  con- 
tained per  100  gms.  0.150  A12O3. 

Folberth  (Verhandl.  und  Mittheil.  Siebenburg.  Vereins 
Naturwissensch.,  1855,  No.  7;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  844) 
reports  0.0222  basic  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  parts  in 
the  saline  water  from  the  Felsenquelle  near  Bassen,  Hungary. 

Folberth,  F.  (Verhandl.  u.  Mittheil.  Siebenburg.  Vereins 
Naturw.  Hermannstadt,  n,  p.  78;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  "1861,  p. 
1102),  notes  A12O3  (grams  per  10,000)  as  follows  in  mineral 
water:  Pokolsdr,  0.142,  and  Czifra-viz,  0.402. 

Fresenius  (Untersuchungen  d.  Mineralwasser  d.  Herzog- 
thums  Nassau,  I,  Wiesbaden,  1850;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850, 


OF  THE 


74  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

p.  622)  notes  0.0051  gm.  aluminium  silicate  per  10,000  gms. 
in  the  Wiesbaden  Kochbrunnen  water. 

Fresenius  (Jahrb.  Vereins.  Naturk.  Herzogthum  Nassau, 
7,  pt.  p.  145;  Untersuchungen  der  Mineralwasser  des  Herzog- 
thums  Nassau,  II,  Wiesbaden,  1851;  see  also  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.,  82,  p.  249;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  652)  examined  the 
mineral  waters  of  Ems,  reporting  per  1000  parts  aluminium 
phosphate  as  follows :  Kesselbrunnen,  0.00125  part;  Krahnchen, 
0.00042  part;  Ftirstenbrunnen,  0.00044  part;  Neue  Quelle, 
0.00142  part. 

Fresenius  (Chem.  Unters.  Mineralwasser.  Herzogth.  Nassau, 
III,  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  83,  p.  252;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1853, 
p.  45;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1852,  p.  753)  notes  a  trace  of  alumina 
in  the  warmest  Schlangenbad  mineral  water. 

Fresenius  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  58,  p.  156;  Arch.  Pharm., 
2d  ser.,  75,  p.  301;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1853,  p.  405;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1853,  p.  709)  in  the  Bernhard  spring  and  the  Johann- 
Georgen  spring  at  Krankenheil-Tolz,  Bavaria,  found  0.002034 
and  0.002782  gm.  aluminium  silicate  per  1000  gms.  respect- 
ively. 

Fresenius  (Jahrb.  Ver.  Naturk.  Herzogthums  Nassau, 
No.  ii ;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  70,  p.  i;  Neue.  Jahrb.  Pharm., 
7,  p.  7;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1857,  p.  49;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856, 
p.  770)  found  0.000133  gm.  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000 
gms.  in  water  from  the  sulphur  spring  at  Weilbach,  Nassau, 
Germany. 

Fresenius  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  72,  p.  i;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1857,  p.  913;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  720)  notes  a  trace  of 
alumina  in  the  mineral  spring  at  Geilnau  in  Nassau,  Germany. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  98,  p.  321;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  989),  reports  0.000254  aluminium  phos- 
phate per  1000  parts  in  the  potable  spring-water  (Trinkquelle) 
of  Driburg  and  0.000335  aluminium  phosphate  in  the  Herster 
mineral  spring  near  the  same  place. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  95,  p.  151 ;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1865,  p.  728;  Vierteljahresschr.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  15,  p.  208; 
Jariresber.  Chem.  Will.,  1865,  p.  929),  notes  aluminium  phos- 
phate per  1000  parts  in  three  springs  at  Pyrmont  as  follows: 
Stahlbrunnen,  0.000084;  Brodelbrunnen,  0.000295;  and  Klos- 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  7$ 

teralleequelle,  0.000091.  The  water  of  the  first  is  used  for 
drinking,  the  second  for  bathing. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  97,  p.  i;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1866,  p.  335;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  990),  reports 
0.000102  part  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  in  Felsenquelle 
No.  2  at  Ems  (Bad  Ems). 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jahrb.  nassau.  Verein  Naturkunde,  pt.  19,  20 
(1864),  pp.  453.  488;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  103,  pp.  321,  425; 
Chem.  Centbl,  1868,  pp.  703,  800;  Jahrb.  Min.,  1868,  p.  629; 
Jahrb.  Chem.  Will.,  1867,  p.  1034),  reports  0.000430  aluminium 
phosphate  per  1000  parts  in  a  mineral  water  from  Niederselters. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  106,  pp.  193,  206;  Chem. 
News,  20,  p.  213;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1869,  p.  1281),  found 
in  Tonnisteiner  Heilbrunnen,  Tonnisteiner  Stahlbrunnen,  and 
Lamscheider  Mineralbrunnen,  0.00013,  0.00045,  and  0.000460 
part  A12O3P2(X  per  1000  respectively.  In  the  latter  0.000034 
part  alumina  united  with  silica  is  also  reported. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jahrbiicher  nassau.  Ver.  Naturkunde,  25 
and  26,  pp.  347,  361;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1871,  p.  1226),  notes 
0.000134  part  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  in  Victoria  and 
0.000120  part  in  Romerquelle  water  from  Ems. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  9,  p.  368;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  27  (1874),  p.  968),  notes  0.000193  part 
aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  in  water  from  the  warm  mineral 
spring  in  the  bath-house  of  the  Royal  William  Medical  Estab- 
lishment at  Wiesbaden. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  6,  p.  53; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Naumann,  1872,  p.  1181),  reports  new  analyses 
of  the  mineral  springs  at  Ems.  These  were  Kranchen,  Ftirsten- 
brunnen,  Kesselbrunnen,  and  Neue  Badequelle.  They  con- 
tained respectively,  per  1000  parts,  o. 000116,  0.000117,0.000200, 
and  0.000209  part  aluminium  phosphate. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  7,  p.  191 ;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1238),  notes  0.000021  part  aluminium 
phosphate  per  i  ooo  parts  in  Carlsquelle  water  from  Bad  Helmstedt . 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  9,  p.  368;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1874,  p.  1325),  reports  0.000193  part  aluminium  phos- 
phate per  1000  parts  in  the  mineral  water  of  Wilhelmsheilanstalt, 
Wiesbaden. 


76  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2dser.,  25,  p.  310;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1882,  p.  1628;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  40  (1882), 
p.  1178),  notes  traces  of  aluminium  in  the  Oberbrunnen  at 
Salzbrunn,  Germany.  In  this  same  water  Valentiner  in  1866 
noted  0.0005  gm-  alumina  and  phosphoric  acid  per  1000. 

Fresenius,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  45,  p.  287;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1892,  p.  2684;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  62  (1892), 
p.  796),  reports  per  1000  gms.  in  Julianenbrunnen  and  Georgen- 
brunnen  water  from  Bad  Eilsen  0.000126  and  0.000136  alumina 
respectively,  in  addition  to  0.000155  and  0.000060  aluminium 
phosphate. 

Fresenius,  C.  R.  (Jahrb.  nassau.  Ver.,  46  (1893),  p.  i; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  315),  notes  a  trace 
of  alumina  in  the  water  of  the  Victoria  Spring  at  Oberlahnstein. 

Fresenius,  H.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  35,  p.  237;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1887,  p.  2532),  found  0.000334  gm.  aluminium 
phosphate  and  0.000401  gm.  aluminium  silicate  per  1000  gms. 
Schutzenhofquelle  water,  Wiesbaden,  Germany. 

Fresenius,  H.  (Jahrb.  nassau.  Ver.  Naturk.,  51  (1898),  p.  i; 
abs.  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  76  (1899),  II,  p.  114),  finds  in 
water  from  a  new  boring  at  Selters  near  Weilburg  on  the  Lahn 
a  trace  of  alumina. 

Garrigau  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  84,  p.  963;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1877,  p.  1387)  notes  0.0096  part  A12O3  per  1000 
in  the  Cliff  Spring  at  Saint- Nectaire  le  Haut,  France. 

Genth  (Keller  and  Tiedemann's  Nord.  Amer.  Monats- 
ber.,  1852,  June,  p.  246;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1852,  p.  588;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1852,  p.  758)  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  mineral  water 
from  Bristol  near  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Giles  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  7,  p.  75;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847— 
48,  p.  998)  notes  0.260  gm.  alumina  per  10,000  gms.  in  spring- 
water  from  Wolverton. 

Gintl,  W.  F.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  20,  p.  356;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1879,  p.  1264),  in  Ferdinand  Spring,  Marienbad, 
Bohemia,  reports  0.06334  gm.  basic  aluminium  phosphate 
per  10,000  gms. 

Gintl,  W.  F.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  24,  p.  25;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1881,  p.  1445),  notes  0.05256  A12P2O8  per  10,000  parts 
in  Ambrosius  water  from  Marienbad,  Bohemia. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  77 

Gintl,  W.  F.  (Separate;  abstracted  in  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1882, 
p.  1632),  notes  0.0744  part  basic  aluminium  phosphate  in  the 
West  spring  and  0.1019  part  in  the  East  spring  at  Langen- 
bruck  near  Franzensbad,  Austria-Hungary. 

Girardin  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  4,  p.  643;  Jour.  Pharm., 
3d  ser.,  15,  p.  113;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1006)  found 
a  trace  of  aluminium  sulphate  in  St.  Paul  spring-water  from 
Rouen. 

Glasel,  E.  (Jahrb.  Geol.  Reichsanst.,  19,  p.  295;  Chem.  News, 
20,  p.  190;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1869,  p.  1290),  reports  0.0028 
gm.  aluminium  per  1000  in  mineral  water  from  Rajec-Toplitz. 

Glaser,  M.,  and  W.  Kalmann  (Ber.  Deutsch.  Chem.  Gesellsch., 
21  (1637);  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  54  (1888),  p.  796),  in  the 
Roncegno  (South  Tyrol)  water,  report  0.4343  gm.  A12O3  per 
liter. 

Godeffroy,  R.  (Sep.  from  Ztschr.  Allgm.  Oesterr.  Apothe- 
kervereins;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1882,  p.  1623),  found  in  water 
from  the  middle  of  Gmunden  Lake  o.ioo  part  A12O3  per 
100,000. 

Gooch,  F.  A.,  and  J.  E.  Whitfield  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui. 
47 1  PP-  36-81,  and  table  facing  page  82)  report,  in  analyses  of 
waters  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  the  following,  the 
quantities  in  every  case  being  grams  per  kilogram  of  water. 
In  every  case  the  author  gives  the  calculated  amount  of  the 
aluminium  compound  present,  as  well  as  the  amount  of  alumina 
determined : 

Cleopatra  Spring,  0.0049  Fe.Al  calculated  =  0.0093  A12O3; 
Hot  River,  0.0051  Fe.Al  =  0.009  7  A12O3;  Gardiner  River, 
sample  taken  Oct.  12,  1883,  above  Hot  River,  0.0042  Fe.Al  = 
0.0079  A12O3;  Gardiner  River,  sample  taken  Sept.  26,  1884,  at 
Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  o.ooio  Fe.Al  =  0.0019  A12O3;  Water- 
supply  at  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  o.oon  Fe.Al  =0.0021  A12O3; 
Soda  Spring,  0.0004  Al  =  0.0008  A12O3;  Fearless  Geyser,  0.0002 
Al=* 0.0004  A12O3;  Pearl  Geyser,  0.0031  Al=  0.0059  A12O3; 
Constant  Geyser,  0.0048=0.0304  A12(SO4)3;  Coral  Spring, 
sample  taken  Aug.  20,  1884,  0.0029  Al  =  0.0143  A12C16;  Coral 
Spring,  sample  taken  Oct.  n,  1886,  0.0077  Al  =  o.oi39  A12O3; 
Echinus  Spring,  0.0027  Al  =  0.0171  A12(SO4)3;  Schlammkessel, 
0.0081  Fe.Al  =  o.o5i3  Al2(SO4)3".Fe2(SO4)3;  Fountain  Geyser, 


?8  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

0.0057  Al  =  o.oio8  A12O3;  Great  Fountain  Geyser,  0.0021 
Al  =  0.0040  A12O3;  Hygeia  Spring,  0.0036  Al  =  0.0068  A13O3; 
Firehole  River,  0.0031  Al  =  0.0059  A12O3;  Excelsior  Geyser, 
0.0012  Al  =  0.0023  Al^Ogj  Old  Faithful  Geyser,  0.0009  Al  = 
0.0017  A12O3;  Splendid  Geyser,  sample  taken  Sept.  10,  1885, 
0.0027  Al  =0.0051  A12O3;  Splendid  Geyser,  sample  taken 
Aug.  28,  1884,  0.0034  Al  =  0.0064  A12O3;  Giantess  Geyser,  0.0049 
Al  =  0.0093  A12O3;  Beehive  Geyser,  0.0029  ^1  =  0.0055  A12O3; 
Grotto  Geyser,  0.0036  Al  =  o.oo68  A12O3;  Turban  and  Grand 
Geysers,  0.0032  Al  =  0.0061  A12O3;  Artemisia  Geyser,  0.0079 
Al  =  0.0150  A12O3;  Taurus  Geyser,  0.0040  Al  =  0.0075  A12O3; 
Asta  Spring,  0.0059  Fe.Al  =  0.0112  A12O3;  Bench  Spring, 
0.0145  Fe.Al  =  0.0066  A12(SO4)3+ 0.0263  A12O3;  Firehole  River, 
0.0029  Al  =  o.oo55  A12O3;  Yellowstone  Lake,  0.0021  Al  =  0.0040 
A12O3;  Alum  Creek,  0.0025  Al  =  o.oi58  A12(SO4)3;  Chrome 
Spring,  0.0043  Fe.Al=o.oo82  A12O3;  Mush  Pot  Spring,  0.0045 
Al=  0.0285  A12(S04)3;  Devil's  Ink  Pot,  0.0037  Al  =  0.0234 
A12(SO4)3;  Soda  Butte  Spring,  0.0069  Fe.Al  =  o.oi3i  A12O3. 

Gorup-Besanez  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  79,  p.  50;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1851,  p.  718;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  653)  found 
alumina  (unweighable  amount)  in  mineral  water  from  Stebin, 
Bavaria. 

Gossart  (Jour.  Pharm.,  4th  ser.,  u,  p.  292;  Chem.  News,  21, 
p.  214;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1389)  notes  traces  of 
A12O3  in  a  sulphur  spring  near  Meurchin,  Pas-de-Calais. 

Gottl  (Oester.  Ztschr.  Pharm.,  1853,  pp.  253,  266;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1853,  p.  711)  found  0.0040  gm.  alumina  per  1000  gms. 
in  the  Karlsbad  Schlossbrunnen. 

Gb'ttl  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  4,  p.  192;  Arch. 
Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  84,  p.  179;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1855,  p.  286;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1855,  p.  841)  notes  0.022  alumina  per  10,000  parts 
in  Giesshubler  water  from  the  Rodisfort  (Germany)  acid  spring. 
Gottl  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  5,  p.  161;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1856,  p.  772)  notes  0.028  alumina  per  1000  parts  in  the 
Karlsbad  Sprudel  water. 

Gottlieb  (Wiener.  Acad.  Ber.,  30,  p.  191;  Chem.  Centbl.. 
1858,  p.  612;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  796)  notes  0.019  basic 
aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  Marienbrunnen 
water  from  Gabernegg,  Austria-Hungary. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  79 

Gotfieb  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  56,  2.  Abt.,  p.  836;  Jour. 
Prakt.  Chem.,  102,  p.  472;  Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1867,  p.  1038) 
reports  0.0147  aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  water 
from  Emmaquelle  at  Gliechenberg  in  Steiermark. 

Gottlieb,  J.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  60,  2.  Abt.,  pp.  349,  357; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1869,  p.  1287),  found  in  "old"  and  "new" 
Johannes  water,  and  Hauptquelle  from  Neuhaus  (all  in  Steier- 
mark), 0.0233,  0.0481,  and  0.0026  part  aluminium  phosphate 
per  10,000  respectively. 

Gottlieb,  J.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  62  2.  Abt.,  p.  780;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1386),  notes  in  the  Konigsbrunnen 
from  Kostreinitz  in  Steiermark  0.0213  Part  aluminium  phos- 
phate per  10,000. 

Graham,  T.,  W.  A.  Miller,  and  A.  W.  Hofmann  (Rpt.  Govt. 
Commission  on  the  Chemical  Quality  of  the  Supply  of  Water 
to  the  Metropolis,  London,  1851;  Quart  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  4, 
P-  375  J  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  656)  note  traces  of  alumina 
in  water  supplied  by  New  River  Water  Co.,  East  London 
Water  Co.,  Kent  Water  Co.,  and  Hampstead  Water  Co. 
In  the  second  the  alumina  reported  equals  0.47  grains  per  gallon 
with  iron  and  phosphoric  acid  salts.  The  waters  were  not  from 
the  Thames.  Thames  water  and  five  spring-waters  from  the 
Hindhead  (Surrey)  district,  Farnham  and  Gravesend,  were  also 
found  to  contain  alumina  with  iron  and  phosphate. 

Grandeau,  L.  (Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  3d  ser.,  60,  p.  479;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1860,  p.  839),  reports  0.0408  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in 
mineral  water  from  Pont-a-Mousson,  Dept.  Meurthe,  France. 

Grange  (Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  3d  ser.,  24,  p.  496;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  996)  reports  in  the  Isere  water  at  Grenoble 
0.0035  gm.  alumina  per  100,000  cc. 

Grange  (Jahresber.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  622)  studied  the  water 
of  the  Iserethal.  He  regarded  the  earthy  taste  of  some  spring- 
water  as  due  to  alumina  held  in  solution  by  CO2. 

Griffin,  M.  L.  (unpublished  data),  found  0.718  gm.  aluminium 
sulphate  per  liter  in  water  from  a  spring  running  through  the 
new  engine-pit  of  the  Boston  and  Maine  Car-shops  in  Mechanics- 
ville,  New  York. 

von  Gumbel,  C.  W.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1891,  II.  p.  566.  Jahresb, 


80  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Chem.,  1891,  p.  2618),  notes  analyses  by  A.  Schwagerof  Plinius- 
quelle  and  Ostgothenquelle  thermal  water  from  Bormio  and 
the  Ortler  region.  The  former  contained  0.0137  gm.  A12O3 
per  1000  cc. ;  the  latter  0.0042  gm. 

Giinsberg,  R.  (Wiener.  Acad.  Ber.,  43,  2.  Abt.,  p.  197; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  1103),  reports  0.0012  gm.  aluminium 
phosphate  per  1000  gms.  in  Siegwasser  from  the  Bronislaw 
spring  at  Truskawice,  Galicia. 

Guyot,  P.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  77,  p.  1384; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1242),  notes  o.oio  gm. 
SiO2.Al2O3  per  liter  in  Saint-Thiebaut  water  from  Nancy. 

Hamberg,  N.  P.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  80,  p.  385:  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1860,  p.  955;  Ztschr.  Ges.  Naturw.,  17,  p.  71;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1860,  p.  842),  reports  aluminium  sulphate  (parts  per 
10,000)  in  the  water  of  medicinal  springs  at  Ronneby,  Swe- 
den, as  follows:  Eckholzquelle,  15.038230,  and  Alte  Quelle, 
3.834603. 

Hardin,  M.  B.  (Amer.  Chemist,  4,  p.  247,  Arch.  Pharm.,  3dser., 
5  (1874),  p.  180;  Jahresb.  Chem.;  1874,  p. 1336),  made  analyses 
of  four  alum  springs  in  Rockbndge  County,  Virginia,  and 
reports  5-3596l»  7-3°856>  7-53946,  12.41395.  and  3.25892  gms. 
alumina  per  1000  cc.  The  water  was  collected  under  different 
conditions  as  regards  rainfall.  The  residue  obtained  by  evap- 
orating the  water  contained  9.490  per  cent  alumina. 

von  Hauer  (Jahrb.  K.  K.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  1853,  p.  154; 
Jahrsb.  Chem.,  1853, p.  712)  found  in  mineral  water  from  Rog- 
gendorff,  Hungary,  0.033  parts  aluminium  sulphate  per  1000 
parts. 

von  Hauer  (Jahrb.  K.  K.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  1858,  p.  165; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  798)  notes  0.0013  alumina  per  1000 
parts  in  the  thermal  sulphur- water  from  Warasdin-Toplitz, 
Croatia. 

von  Hauer  (Jahrb.  K,  K.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  1861,  p.  57: 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  TIOO)  notes  0.023  grains  alumina  Per 
pound  (  =  7680  grains)  in  acid  water  from  Suliguli  near  Visco 
in  Marmarosch. 

Hehner,  O.  (Chem.  News,  38,  p.  249;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1878. 
p  1 3  T  4) ,  in  brown  water  from  a  spring  3  2  kilometers  from  Cape 
Town  notes  525.19  parts  A12S3O12  per  100,000. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  8 1 

Heller,  F.  (Wiener.  Acad.  Ber.,  19,  p.  363;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1856,  p.  772),  notes  0.030  alumina  per  10,000  parts  in  water 
from  the  Franz  Joseph  Quelle  at  Fured  on  the  Plattensee. 

Henry  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  13,  p.  5;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1848, 
p.  264;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1007)  reports  aluminium 
silicate  (grams  per  1000  cc.)  as  follows:  in  Source  Grande  Grille, 
0.230;  Source  nouvelle,  0.233;  Source  Pre  Sale,  0.070  (Vichy); 
Source  de  1'Hopital,  0.120,  and  Source  du  Puits  at  Cusset,  0.080. 

Henry,  O.  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  6,  p.  314;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1850,  p.  628),  notes  0.368  parts  alumina  per  1000  parts 
in  the  Fraysse  mineral  water  from  Cransac,  Dept.  Aveyron. 
Poumerede  (Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  628)  found  in  the  same 
water  0.369  part  alumina  per  1000  parts.  Henry  (Jour. 
Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  17,  p.  161;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  628)  also 
notes  aluminium  sulphate  and  aluminium  ammonium  sulphate 
in  Source-haute  (Richard)  and  Source-basse  (Richard)  mineral 
water  from  Cransac. 

Henry,  O.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  19,  p.  104;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1851,  p.  663),  notes  aluminium  silicate  and  lithium  silicate  in 
mineral  water  from  Sail-les  Chateaumorand  as  follows:  Hamel 
or  Saule,  d'Urfe,  Roman,  Sulphur  and  Iron  Sulphur  springs: 
also  alumina  with  calcium  sulphate  and  silica  in  the  Bellety 
(steel)  spring  from  the  same  place. 

Henry,  0.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  20,  p.  161 ;  Pharm.  Centbl., 

1851,  p.  748;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p. 664),  reports  alumina  and 
silica  (parts  per   1000)  as  follows:   in  spring-water  from  Saint- 
Denis    near    Blois,    Dept.    Loire    and    Cher,    Medicis,    0.007; 
Renaulme,  0.007;    and  Saint-Denis,  0.044. 

Henry,  0.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  21,  p.  401;  Jahresb.  Chem., 

1852,  p.    757),   in   mineral    water   from    Saint-Honord,    Dept. 
Nievre,  notes  0.023  part  aluminium  silicate  per  1000  parts. 

Henry,  O.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  30,  pp.  172,  246;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1856,  p.  774),  reports  0.050  gm.  alumina  and  silica 
per  1000  cc.  in  mineral  water  from  Saxon,  Canton  Wallis, 
Switzerland. 

Henry,  0.,  Sr.  according  to  Grasset  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad, 
Sci.  Paris,  46,  p.  182;  Inst.,  1858,  p.  37;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858. 
p.  802),  found  0.128  gm.  alumina  and  silica  per  1000  cc.  in 
water  from  Bondonneau,  Dept.  Drome,  France. 


82  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Henry,  O.,  and  L'He*ritier  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  28,  pp.  333, 
408;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  834)  found  alumina  (grams  per 
1000  cc.)  in  mineral  water  from  Plombieres  as  follows:  Source 
du  Crucifix,  0.0120;  Sources  des  Dames,  o.oioo;  Source  de 
Sainte-Catherine,  o.ono;  Bain  Romain,  0.0130;  Bain  tempere, 
o.ono;  Source  du  Savonneuse,  0.01400;  and  Source  ferru- 
gineuse  de  Bourdeille,  0.00750. 

Hessert,  J.  (Ann.  Chem.,  176,  p.  241;  Neue.  Repert.  Pharm., 
24,  p.  541  (see  under  J.  Volhard) :  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1875,  p. 
1302),  reports  0.0024  part  alumina  per  1000  parts  in  sulphur- 
water  from  Spring  Bir  Keraui,  after  removal  of  the  sediment 
which  separated  on  standing.  Including  sediment  there  was 
0.0236  alumina. 

Hidegh,  C.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  53  (2.  Abt.),  p.  395;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  993),  reports  in  the  spring  at  Johannisbad 
near  Vienna  0.008  part  alumina  (and  P2O5)  per  10,000  parts. 

Hillebrand,  W.  F.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  113,  p.  50), 
found  2.5  parts  A12(SO4)3  per  1,000,000  in  East  Spring,  and 
3.2  in  West  Spring  at  Joplin,  Missouri,  both  zinc-bearing  springs. 

Hillebrand,  W.  F.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  113,  p.  114), 
found  in  water  from  Ojo  Calient e,  a  thermal  spring  near  Taos, 
N.  M.,  0.5  part  A12O3  per  million  parts. 

Hoffmann,  J.  (Analysen  der  beiden  Bohrquellen  zu  Hom- 
burg,  Homburg,  1856;  Neue  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  7,  p.  52;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  821;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  770),  notes 
traces  of  alumina  in  the  water  from  two  bored  wells  at  Hom- 
burg, Germany. 

Hruschauer  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  63,  p.  229;  Jour.  Prakt. 
Pharm.,  42,  p.  466;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1847,  p.  829;  Jour.  Pharm., 
3d  ser.,  13,  p.  49;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1002)  reports 
0.163  ^rn-  basic  aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  gms.  in  Ko- 
streiniz  (Steiermark)  mineral  water. 

Hiibener  (Chem.  Ztg.,  14,  p.  1410;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1890.  II, 
p.  846)  notes  0.002500  gm.  alumina  (with  a  trace  of  phosphoric 
acid  per  liter  in  water  from  a  bored  well  in  Westerland. 

The  well  from  which  this  water  was  obtained  had  been 
recently  bored.  The  water  contained  a  much  larger  propor- 
tion of  iron  than  many  of  the  longer-known  steel-wells. 
Westerland  is  on  the  Island  of  Sylt,  Prussia. 


ALUMINIUM  IN   NATURAL    WATERS.  83 

Huppert  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1877,  p.  137;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  1878,  II,  p.  209)  reported  analyses  of  the  water  of 
the  new  spring  and  Josefsquelle  at  Bilin;  they  contained 
respectively  0.0056,  and  0.0057  A12O3.P2O5,  presumably  parts 
per  10,000.  He  quotes  an  analysis  of  the  Josefsquelle  water 
made  in  1845  by  Redtenbacher,  reporting  0.084  A12O3.P2O5. 

Hunt,  T.  S.  (Silliman's  Amer.  Jour.,  26.  ser.,  8,  p.  364;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1849,  p.  621),  reports  0.4681  part  alumina  per  1000  parts 
in  Tuscarora  Sour  spring-water  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Brantford,  Canada. 

Hunt,  T.  S.  (Silliman's  Amer.  Jour.,  2d  ser.,  n,  p.  174; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  669),  reports  a  trace  of  alumina  and 
phosphate  in  water  from  the  "outer  spring"  at  Varennes; 
a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  "inner  spring"  water  from  Varennes; 
0.014500  part  alumina  per  1000  parts  in  St.  Leon  and  0.00500 
in  Caxton  water;  all  mineral  springs  in  Canada. 

Hunt,  T.  S.  (Phil.  Mag.,  4th  ser.,  13,  p.  239;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1857,  p.  683;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  728),  found  a  trace 
of  alumina  in  Ottawa  River  water  taken  at  St.  Anne  Lock,  near 
Montreal,  and  St.  Lawrence  River  water,  taken  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Pointe-des-Cascades  near  Vaudreuil. 

Husemann,  A.  (Neue  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  33,  p.  197;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1870,  p.  392;  Amer.  Chemist,  2dser.,  i,  p.  119;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1383),  notes  traces  of  aluminium  in 
the  Belvedra  Spring  near  Chur. 

Husemann,  A.  (Neue  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  38,  p.  257;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  Naumann,  1872,  p.  1184),  reports  0.0022,  0.0021, 
0.0018,  and  0.0018  part  alumina  per  10,000  parts  in  four 
samples  of  mineral  water  from  Tarasp. 

Husemann,  A.  (Jahrb.  Pharm.,  39,  p.  200,  315;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1240),  reports  o.oon  part  alumina 
per  10,000  parts  in  Neue  Belvedraquelle,  and  traces  in  three 
other  springs,  all  near  Chur,  Switzerland. 

Husemann,  A.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  6,  pp.  97,  395;  7,  p. 
204;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1875,  p.  1291),  reports  respectively  in  the 
"old"  and  "new"  St.  Moritz  (Switzerland)  Eisen  Sauerling, 
0.00050  and  0.00030  part  alumina  per  10,000  parts.  Three 
Tarasp  (Lower  Engadine)  mineral  springs  contained  per  10,000 
parts  respectively  0.0025,  0.0019,  and  0.0021  part  alumina. 


84  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Two  Val  Sinestra  springs  (Lower  Engadine)  contained  per 
10,000  parts  respectively  0.0020  and  0.0021  part  alumina. 

Jackson,  D.  D.,  says  in  unpublished  data  regarding  the 
natural  occurrence  of  aluminium  sulphate  in  waters:  "Many 
of  our  driven  wells  along  the  southern  shore  of  Long  Island 
contain  aluminium  sulphate,  but  in  no  case  does  an  entire  well- 
plant  contain  it. 

"Alum  is  noticeable  in  amount  in  individual  wells  at  Oconee, 
Clear  Stream,  Wantagh,  Merrick,  and  Matowa.  One  of  the 
wells  recently  analyzed  at  Merrick  contained  268  parts  per 
million  of  aluminium  sulphate.  This  is  equivalent  to  15.6 
grains  per  gallon.  In  other  words,  the  water  would  remove 
the  color  and  impurities  from  fifteen  to  twenty  times  its  volume 
of  impure  water. 

"This  analysis  was  made  after  the  water  had  been  actively 
drawn  upon  for  two  weeks,  and  at  this  time  the  taste  was  strong 
of  alum.  During  periods  of  rest  the  alum  is  considerably 
greater  in  amount. 

"At  the  same  time  the  examination  of  the  entire  Merrick 
plant  revealed  the  fact  that  no  alum  was  present,  but  that 
the  water  was  milky  with  aluminium  hydrate  which  had  been 
precipitated  by  the  carbonate  in  the  adjoining  wells.  The 
alkalinity  of  the  entire  supply  from  the  plant  was  only  3  parts 
per  million.  This  shows  that  the  carbonate  had  been  used 
up  in  the  precipitation  of  the  alum. 

"The  driven  wells  at  Oconee  gave  2.0  parts  per  million  of 
A12O3,  and  those  at  Clear  Stream  gave  1.6  parts  per  million. 
This  refers  to  the  entire  plant  during  active  operation  in  each 
case." 

Janecek,  G.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1887,  p.  172;  (Ausz.)  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1887,  p.  2535),  reports  0.00272  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  gms. 
in  the  Jamnicer-alkalisch-muriatischen  Sauerlings  water. 

John,  C.  v.  (Verhandl.  Geol.  Reichsanst.,  1876,  p.  114;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1876,  p.  1302),  notes  0.1490  part  A12O3  per  10,000 
parts  in  well-water  from  Locendol,  Steiermark. 

John,  C.  v.  (Jahrb.  Geol.  Reichsanst.,  31,  p.  509;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1881,  p.  1447),  reports  in  spring-water  from  Locendol, 
Austria-Hungary,  0.1490  part  A12O3  per  10,000  parts. 

John,   C.  v.    (Chem.    Centbl.,    1891,   II,   p.    881;     Jahresb. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  &5 

Chem.,   1891,  p.   2621),  found  0.0139  gm.  alumina  per  10,000 
gms.   in   Friedrichsquelle   water  from   Zeidelweid,   Bohemia. 

John,  C.  v.  (Jahrb.  Geol.  Reichsanst.  Wien,  48,  375; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  70  (1899),  II,  p.  1047),  reported  analyses  of 
mineral  waters  from  a  number  of  localities  in  Eastern  Bohemia. 
The  data  regarding  A12O3  follow: 

ALUMINIUM   IN   SOME    MINERAL  WATERS    FROM    EASTERN 

BOHEMIA. 


Kind  of  Water. 

Dry  Matter 
per  Liter  at 
i  80°  C. 

A12O3 
in  Dry 

Matter. 

Lukorna        

Grams.* 
62  .4400 

Grams, 
o  .0040 

Micknovka 

60    6400 

OOQ3 

Tavurka                                                   .         .         . 

6    64^0 

002  ^ 

Enema.                                               

3    1002 

.0040 

Straschov                        

^   0840 

.0400 

Bohdanec  Kapelle   

i  .8080 

.0020 

Bohdanec,  St.  George  

3  .4720 

.0050 

*  Probably  grams  per  liter — not  stated  in  the  abstract  cited. 


John,  C.  v.,  and  H.  B.  v.  Foullon  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1890,  II, 
p.  772;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1890,  p.  2657)  report  analyses  of  four 
potable  springs  at  Luhatschowitz,  namely,  Vincenzbrunnen, 
Amandbrunnen,  Johannbrunnen,  and  Louisenquelle.  These 
contained  respectively,  0.004,  0.005,  0.004,  and  o.ooi  alumina 
(probably  parts  per  1000). 

John,  C.,  and  C.  v.  Hauer  (Verh.  Geol.  Reichsanst.,  1876, 
P-  35 5  i  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1876,  p.  1302)  report  0.0415  part  A12O3 
per  10,000  parts  in  Ranigsdorf  Sauerling. 

Johnstone,  W.  (Chem.  News,  31,  p.  15;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1875,  p.  1300),  reports  0.1970  gm.  A12S3O12  per  1000  cc.  in 
Hertfell  Spring  near  Moffat,  Scotland. 

Johnstone,  W.  (Chem.  News,  39,  p.  259;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1879,  p.  1269),  reports  in  St.  Dunstan's  Well,  Melrose,  Scotland, 
0.019503  gm.  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  cc. 

Johnstone,  J.  W.  (Analyst,  12,  p.  90;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, 52  (1887),  II,  p.  1087),  notes  in  Flitwick  water,  rising 
through  a  ferruginous  peat-bed  in  Flitwick  Moor,  per  1000 
parts,  0.0044  part  alumina. 


86  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Jolles,  A.  (Ztschr.  Nahrungsmittel  u.  Hyg.,  1892,  p.  373; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1892,  p.  2684),  found  0.064  gm.  alumina  per 
10,000  gms.  in  water  from  the  Kartner  Romerquelle  in  Prevail 
near  Gutenstein. 

Jones,  W.  Black  (British  Med.  Jour.,  1903,  p.  1055),  quotes 
from  the  Lancet,  1894,  an  analysis  of  Llangammarch  mineral 
water,  reporting  3.340  grain  alumina  and  silica  per  gallon. 

Kachler,  J.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.  (2.  Abt.),  70,  p.  654;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1875,  P-  I296)>  reports  respectively  0.0743  and  0.0042 
part  alumina  per  10,000  parts  in  two  sour  springs  near  Poschitz, 
Bohemia. 

Kalecsinszky,  A.  (Ungar.  Naturw.  Ber.,  i,  p.  370;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1886,  p.  2321),  reports  0.0052  part  H6A12O6  per  10,000 
parts  in  iron-water  from  Rosenau,  Comitat  Gomor,  Hungary. 

Kemper  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  108,  p.  163;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1 86 1,  p.  1096)  found  a  trace  of  alumina  in  artesian 
water  from  Gosling's  Garden  at  Osnabruck. 

Kenrick,  E.  B.  (Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Canada, 
Chemical  Contributions,  1886,  p.  13  T),  reports  "a  very  small 
quantity"  of  alumina  in  a  qualitative  analysis  of  water  from 
Dougherty's  so-called  carbonic  acid  spring  located  in  the 
mountains  between  Clinton  and  Carguiles,  British  Columbia. 
The  total  solid  matter  per  1000  parts  in  the  filtered  water 
was  1.442  parts. 

In  the  same  publication  (p.  14  T)  the  author  reports  a 
similar  analysis  of  water  from  a  spring  at  the  foot-hills  of  Western 
Butte,  Sweet  Grass  Hills,  District  of  Alberta,  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory. The  total  solids  in  the  filtered  water  amounted  to  0.857 
part  per  1000  parts.  According  to  a  qualitative  analysis  it 
contained  a  "very  small  quantity"  of  alumina. 

Kersting  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  90,  p.  158;  Jour.  Prakt. 
Chem.,  63,  p.  125;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1854,  p.  589;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1854,  p.  771),  in  a  sulphur-spring  water  from  Schoneck  near 
Segewold,  Russia,  notes  0.0017  part  alumina  per  1000  parts. 

Knerr,  E.  B.  (Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  15  (1895-96), 
p.  88),  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  a  spring- water  from  Atchison, 
reputed  to  possess  medicinal  virtues.  In  the  water  from  a 
well  two  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Centralia  he  notes  3.7  parts 
alumina  per  1,000,000. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  8/ 

Kofler,  L.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  15,  p.  161; 
Jahresb.  Chem.  Will.,  1866,  p.  992),  reports  in  the  Voralberg 
springs,  Rothenbrunnen,  Eisenquelle  von  Uebersaxen,  Eisen- 
wasser  des  Bad  Reuthe,  Eisenwasser  Bad  Andelsbtich, 
Schwefelwasser  Bades  Hopfreben,  and  Quelle  zu  Raggal, 
0.0322,  0.031,  0.0081,  0.0476,  0.0514,  and  0.0107  grain 
A12O3  per  pound  respectively. 

Konya,  S.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  61,  2.  Abt.,  p.  7;  Viertel- 
jahresb.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  19,  p.  373;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1870, 
p.  132;  Inst.,  1870,  p.  88;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  Naumann,  1870, 
p.  1387),  notes  0.008  part  alumina  per  10,000  parts  in  the 
Bitterwasser  from  Weilutza  near  Jassy. 

Kosmann  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  17,  p.  43;  Jour.  Prakt. 
Chem.,  50,  p.  49;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1850,  p.  141;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1850,  p.  627)  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  mineral  water  from 
Niederbronn,  Germany. 

Kyle,  J.  J.  J.  (Chem.  News,  38,  p.  28;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1878, 
p.  1295),  reports  in  Rio  de  la  Plata  water  taken  8  kilometers 
above  Buenos  Ayres  0.0060  part  A12O3  per  1000  ccm.,  and 
in  the  Parana  water  8  kilometers  above  its  union  with  the 
La  Plata  0.0030  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts. 

Lahache,  E.  (Jour.  Pharm.  et.  Chim.,  6th  ser.,  9  (1899), 
p.  477),  reports  "alumina,  silica,  etc.,"  as  follows,  in  a  number 
of  potable  waters  from  new  wells,  and  old  wells  recently  cleaned, 
in  the  region  of  Tougourt-Ouargla  in  the  Sahara:  Tougourt, 
0.080;  Bled  et  Amax,  0.088;  El  Fetir,  0.043;  H.  Mes- 
saoud,  0.035;  El-Hadjira,  0.068;  H.  Dahane,  0.058;  H.  Debiche 
et  Strifigi,  0.034;  Donionidi,  0.049;  N'Gonca,  0.005;  and 
Ouargla,  0.008  gm.  per  liter. 

Lane,  A.  C.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Water-supply  and  Irriga- 
tion Papers,  31,  pp.  18-93),  *n  a  study  of  the  mineral  water 
of  Lower  Michigan,  cites  a  number  of  analyses.  The  data 
relating  to  aluminium  are  quoted  below.*  In  every  case  the 
values  are  parts  per  1000  unless  otherwise  stated. 

In  Detroit  River  water  (p.  18)  S.  H.  Douglas  (Biennial  Rpt. 
Mich.  State  Geologist,  1861,  p.  204)  reports  0.0105  A12O3. 

The  Dearborn  Drug  and  Chemical  Works,  Chicago  (p.   18), 

*  Some  of  the  analyses  given  were  cited  by  Peale  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey 
Bulletin  32,  see  p.  103);  all  such  are  omitted. 


88  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

analyzed  water  from  Muskegon  Lake,  Manistee  Lake,  Traverse 
Bay,  and  Detroit  River,  finding  in  the  first  o.ooi  (FeAl)2O3,  and 
in  the  others  traces  of  (FeAl)2O3. 

In  Lake  Superior  water  (p.  c6)  W.  F.  Jackman  (Proc. 
Mich.  Pharm.  Assoc.,  5th  year,  p.  no)  found  0.90  part  A12O? 
per  1,000,000  parts. 

In  Shiawassee  River  water  at  Owasso,  the  Dearborn  Drug 
and  Chemical  Works  (p.  27)  found  o.ooi  (AlFe)2O3  and  traces 
in  Battle  Creek  city  water,  usually  taken  from  Lake  Goguac, 
Grand  River  water  at  Jackson,  and  water  from  the  creek  at 
Ann  Arbor  (Huron  River?). 

G.  A.  Kirchmaier  (p.  27)  (An.  Rpt.  Saginaw  Board  Water 
Com.,  1892,  Sup.,  pp.  31-33)  reports  (AlFe)2O3  as  follows: 
Shiawassee  River,  0.0061;  Cass  River,  0.0070;  West  Side 
Pumping  Station,  Saginaw,  0.007  \  East  Side  Pumping  Station, 
0.0611;  and  Tittabawassee  River,  0.0843.  J-  E.  Graves  (p.  27) 
notes  in  Chippewa  River  water  (Midland  Water  Supply) 
0.0094  (AlFe)2O3. 

A  number  of  waters  from  wells  and  springs  in  the  uncon- 
solidated  deposit  (Pleistocene)  follow  (pp.  31-33).  Welcome 
Island  lithia  water  taken  three  miles  north  of  Pontiac  in  the 
center  of  Lake  Angelus,  analyzed  by  J.  E.  Clark,  0.0014  A12O3; 
King  David  Spring,  Benton  Harbor,  analyzed  by  W.  S. 
Haines,  0.0020  A12O3;  Nochemo  Spring,  Reed  City,  analyzed 
by  R.  Fischer  and  A.  B.  Prescott,  o.ooi  A12O3;  and  well,  18 
feet  deep,  Ypsilanti,  analyzed  by  Dearborn  Drugand  Chemical 
Co.,  trace  A12O3. 

In  the  wells  included  under  the  group  "Miscellaneous 
Analyses"  (p.  57)  are  the  following:  Owasso  City  supply- 
wells,  analyzed  by  Dearborn  Drug  and  Chemical  Works,  trace 
of  A12O3,  and  Hudson  Zauberwasser,  analyzed  by  A.  B. 
Prescott,  0.00043  A12O3. 

In  water  of  the  Midland  Mineral  Spring  (p.  60),  said  to  be 
400  feet  deep,  0.0247  A12(P2O5)3  is  reported  by  S.  P.  Duffield. 
The  analysis  is  probably  the  same  as  that  quoted  by  Peale 
(U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  32,  see  p.  103). 

S.  P.  Duffield  (p.  65)  reports  an  analysis  of  Butterworth's 
Grand  Rapids  Magnetic  Spring,  261-274  feet  deep,  with  0.007 
A1203. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  89 

Chilton  (p.  66)  (Biennial  Rpt.  State  Geologist,  Michigan, 
1860,  pp.  171,  1 86)  notes  0.245  Al2O3+SiO2  in  an  East  Saginaw 
well  649  feet  deep. 

In  the  group  entitled  ' '  Water  from  Devonian  or  Silurian 
Limestones"  (pp.  72-85)  are  the  following:  S.  P.  Duffield 
found  in  wells  at  Clark's  Riverside  Bath-house,  Detroit, 
0.230  A12O3.  J.  H.  Long  noted  0.005  A12O3  in  water  from 
Excelsior  Well,  1400  feet  deep,  Benton  Harbor.  In  water 
from  Coldwater  Prescdtt  notes  0.643  aluminium  sulphates. 
In  water  from  the  St.  Clair  Spring,  Oakland  House  Well,  1250 
feet  deep,  S.  P.  Duffield  reports  12.00  A12O3,  and  also  reports 
0.421  A12O3  in  the  Mount  Clemens  Original  Well,  which  has 
also  been  known  as  the  Avery  and  Soolbad.  T.  Tonnele 
found  0.044  A12O3  in  the  water  of  the  Mount  Clemens  Clemen- 
tine Well,  1060  feet  deep.  S.  P.  Duffield  reports  0.601  A12O3 
in  the  Mount  Clemens  Media  Well.  C.  F.  Chandler  and 
C.  E.  Pellew  (Geol.  Survey  Michigan,  5,  pt.  2,  p.  46)  in  Alma 
wells  Nos.  i,  2,  and  3,  report  5.0325,  3.905,  and  4.0823  grains 
A12O3  per  gallon  (?),  respectively. 

A  number  of  miscellaneous  analyses  are  included  in  the 
appendix  (pp.  91,  93).  H.  F.  Northrup  and  G.  W.  Rafter 
(Special  Water-supply  Committee  of  the  City  Council,  Travers 
City,  Rpt.,  p.  20),  note  a  trace  of  A12O3  in  Lake  Michigan 
water  at  Chicago.  C.  G.  Wheeler  notes  a  trace  of  A12O3 
in  water  of  the  Mount  Clemens  Pagoda  Spring.  In  water 
from  the  Ypsilanti  Sanitarium  J.  E.  Clark  found  0.15 
A1203. 

Lang,  E.  E.  (Verhandl.  Ver.  Naturkunde  Presburg,  2, 
1857,  pt.  2,  p.  i;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  798),  reports  alumina 
(parts  per  1000)  in  water  from  Trentschin  Toplitzer  Bad,  Hun- 
gary, as  follows:  Briinnlein  (Urquelle),  0.009  and  Spiegelbad, 
No.  i,  0.017. 

Langer,  T.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  2,  p.  304;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
Naumann,  1872,  p.  1186),  notes  traces  of  alumina  in  a  mineral 
spring  at  Mattigbad,  Austria. 

Lambert,  E.  G.  (Ann.  Chim.  et  Phys.,  4th  ser.,  12,  p.  309; 
Jahrb.  Chem.  Will.,  1867,  p.  1043),  notes  in  the  sulphur  spring 
of  Monterey  (Mexico)  0.027  gm-  aluminium  silicate  per  liter. 
The  water  is  used  internally  and  for  baths.  The  occurrence 


9O  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

of  aluminium  is  also  noted  in    potable  water,  sulphur- water, 
etc.,  of  Maria  Island. 

Laminne  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  13,  p.  354;  Jour.  Chim.Med., 
3d  ser.,  4,  p.  461 ;  Pharm.  CentbL,  1848,  p.  512;  Jahresb.  Chem., 

1847,  1848,  p.  1009)  found  0.0020  part  alumina  per  1000  parts 
in  mineral  water  from  Tongern,  Belgium. 

De  Launay  (Ann.  Mines,  gth  ser.,  5  (1894),  p.  139) 
quotes  an  analysis  of  the  mineral  waters  of  Pfaefers-Ragatz, 
Canton  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  made  by  Planta-Reichenau. 
In  this  water  0.00091  gm.  aluminium  phosphate  per  liter  is 
reported,  which  was  calculated  to  be  equivalent  to  0.00038 

A1203. 

Leber  (Pharm.  Centbl.,  1849,  p.  791;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1849,  p.  614)  found  0.1157  alumina  per  1000  parts  in  the  "new" 
mineral  spring-water  from  Salzschlirf  near  Fulda. 

Lefort  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  16,  p.  14;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1849,  p.  617)  notes  0.017  gm-  aluminium  silicate  per  1000  cc. 
in  Enclos  des  Celestins  mineral  water  from  Vichy. 

Lefort,  J.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser,  21,  p.  340;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1852,  p.  757),  notes  0.009,  0.008,  and  0.005  Sm-  alumina  per 
1000  gms.  in  the  "right,"  "left,"  and  "middle"  mineral  springs, 
respectively,  at  Jenzat,  Dept.  Allier. 

Lefort,  J.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  31,  p.  84;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1857,  p.  725),  found  traces  of  alumina  in  the  following  mineral 
waters  from  Royat  and  Chamalieres,  Dept.  Puy-de-D6me, 
France;  Royat  Spring,  Casarbad,  Saint-Mart,  and  Roches 
(Beaurepaire)  Spring. 

Lefort,  J.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  32,  p.  264;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1857,  p.  726),  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  mineral  water  from 
Neyrac,  Dept.  d'Ardeche,  France. 

Legrip  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  4,  p.  83;  Pharm.  Centbl., 

1848,  p.  431;    Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1006)  found  0.0074 
gm.   alumina  per   1000    cc.   in   mineral  water  from   Doulaux, 
Dept.  Creuse. 

Le  Grip  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  5,  p.  514;  Jahresb.  Chem., 

1849,  p.  6 1 8)   notes   1.75    per  cent  alumina  in  total  solids   of 
mineral  water  from  Chaumaix,  Dept.   Creuse,  the   total   solids 
being  equal  to  5.80  gms.  per  10,000  cc. 

Leverett,  F.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Rpt.,  17  (1895-96),  pt.  II, 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 


pp.  701-828),  in  an  article  on  the  water  resources  of  Illinois, 
gives  a  number  of  analyses  of  water  from  springs,  shallow  wells, 
artesian  wells,  etc.,  a  number  of  which,  it  is  stated,  were  quoted 
from  D.  W.  Mead's  "Hydrography  of  Illinois."  Some  of 
these  have  been  noted  from  Peale's  compilation  (U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey  Bui.  32);  others  follow.  G.  H.  Ellis  (p.  824)  reported 
0.13  gm.  A12O3  per  U.  S.  gallon  in  Bushnell  Railroad  Well; 
W.  S.  Haines  (p.  824)  notes  0.08  grains  per  U.  S.  gallon  in  Wood- 
stock "drift"  well. 

In  "St.  Peter's"  water  from  Macomb,  111.,  G.  Steiger  (p.  826) 
reports  0.0013  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc. 

The  alumina  (grains  per  U.  S.  gallon)  found  in  a  number  of 
artesian-well  waters  by  different  analysts  (pp.  827,  828)  follows: 

ALUMINA  IN  CERTAIN  ARTESIAN  WATERS. 


Artesian  Wells. 

Analyst. 

A12O3  per 
U.S.  Gal. 

Auditorium  Chicago,  111     

E.  G.  Smith 

Grams. 
O7 

Munger's  laundrv,  Chicago,  111  

E.  G.  Smith 

O  3 

Davenport   Iowa  glucose  factory 

E  Guteman 

l6 

Dekalb   111    water-works 

G  M   Davidson 

•  6^ 
60 

Dixon   111    water-works          

E  G  Smith 

I  2 

Galena   111    water-works  

W.  Simpson 

06 

Geneseo  111    water-works 

D  M  Stanner 

8    cc 

lerseyville   111    water-works 

E   G  Smith 

0  •  oo 
06 

Laorranore  Mo    Wyaconda  well 

? 

OQ 

Macomb   111    water-works        

G  Steiger 

O7  C 

Monmouth  111  ,  water-works  

E.  G.  Smith 

IO 

Montezuma   Ind 

W  A  Noyes 

O7 

Peru   111    water-works                         .    . 

E  G  Smith 

•w/ 
Od. 

Rockford   111   ...             

E   G  Smith 

I  3 

Rockford  111    water-  works 

E  G  Smith 

06 

Sterling  111 

E  G  Smith 

O  C 

•WJ 

In  several  others  a  trace  of  alumina  is  noted. 

Lengyel,  B.  v.  (Foldtani  Kozlony,  23  (1893),  p.  293;  Jahrb. 
Min.,  1895,  I,  Ref.  66;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  68  (1895),  II, 
p.  1 1 8),  finds  that  the  Kolop  Sulphur  Spring,  situated  near 
Tisza  Silly  in  the  great  Hungarian  plain,  contains  o.oioi  gm. 
A1203  per  kilogram. 

Lepsius,  B.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  21,  p.  552;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  54  (1888),  p.  435),  notes  0.00017  gm. 
A12(P04)3  per  liter  in  the  water  of  the  Tonnissteiner  medicinal 


92  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

spring  and  quotes  an  earlier  analysis  by  Fresenius,  reporting 
0.00013  gm. 

Lewy  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  24,  p.  449;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  ion)  reports  1.66  aluminium  sulphate 
per  1000  parts  in  thermal-spring  water  from  Paramo  de  Ruiz, 
New  Granada.  See  also  Boussingault  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad. 
Sci.  Paris,  24,  p.  397;  Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  3.  ser.,  20,  p.  109; 
lour.  Pharm.,  3.  ser.,  n,  p.  487;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  40,  p.  438; 
Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  64,  p.  292;  Poggendorf's  Ann.,  71,  p.  444; 
Pharm.  Centbl.,  1847,  p.  414). 

L'Hote,  L.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1891,  I,  p.  207;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1891,  p.  2620),  found  0.0012  gm.  alumina  in  the  2.216  gms. 
total  solids  obtained  from  1000  cc.  of  mineral  water  from  Penon 
de  los  Banos,  Mexico. 

Liebig  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  63,  p.  127;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem., 
42,  p.  463;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1847,  p.  828;  Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser., 
13,  p.  65;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1002)  notes  a  trace  of 
aluminium  oxid  in  bitter  water  from  Friedrichshall  at  Hild- 
burghausen. 

Liebig  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  79,  p.  94;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1851,  p.  916;  Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  i,  p.  218;  Jour. 
Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  20,  p.  315;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  650) 
examined  the  sulphur  waters  of  Aachen,  reporting  traces  of 
aluminium  phosphate  in  Kaiserquelle,  Corneliusquelle,  Rosen- 
quelle,  and  Quirinusquelle. 

Liebig  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  98,  p.  145;  Vierteljahressch. 
Prakt.  Pharm.,  5,  p.  547;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  69,  p.  28;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  390;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  765)  notes  the 
occurrences  of  traces  of  aluminium  phosphate  in  the  follow- 
ing Kissingen  mineral  waters:  Racoczy,  Pandur,  and  Max- 
brunnen. 

Liebig  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  98,  p.  350;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem., 
69,  p.  331;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1856,  p.  350;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856, 
p.  766)  notes  the  occurrence  of  traces  of  aluminium  phosphate 
in  the  following  mineral  waters :  Bitter  water  from  Mergentheim, 
Bonifaciusquelle,  Marienquelle,  Elizabethenquelle,  and  Her- 
mannsquelle,  the  last  four  at  Neuhaus  near  Neustadt,  Germany. 

Limouzm-Lamothe  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  9,  pp.  716, 
763;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  716)  in  mineral  water  from  the 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  93 

Dept.  Aveyron,  viz.,  from  Prugnes  and  from  Cayla  (Princess 
Spring,  Magdalen  Spring,  and  Rose  Spring),  found  alumina 
as  follows:  0.035,  0.050,  0.055,  and  0.050  gm.  per  1000  cc. 
respectively. 

Liversidge,  A.  (Chem.  News,  42,  p.  324;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1880,  p.  1536;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  London,  40  (1881),  p.  564), 
notes  12.86  parts  aluminium  chlorid  per  100,000  in  addition 
to  4.17  alumina  with  a  trace  of  ferric  oxid  in  a  spring  on  Kan- 
tavu,  one  of  the  Fiji  Islands. 

Liversidge,  A.  (Chem.  News,  62,  p.  264;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  60  (1891),  p.  280),  in  water  from  a  hot  spring  in  Savo 
Island,  notes  the  occurrence  of  aluminium. 

Liversidge,  A.  W.  Skey,  and  G.  Gray  (Rpt.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Sci.  Australasia,  7  (1898),  p.  87)  have  collected  analyses  of  the 
mineral  waters  of  Australasia.  The  data  regarding  aluminium 
are  given  on  page  94. 

In  addition  to  the  above  traces  of  alumina  are  reported 
by  W.  Skey  (p.  105)  in  eighteen  Te  Aroha  mineral  waters, 
Queensland.  Aluminium  and  iron  are  reported  together  in 
a  number  of  other  waters. 

Lord  (Geol.  Survey  Ohio,  6(1888);  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Rpt. 
8,  pt.  II,  p.  621)  analyzed  a  brine  from  a  well  drilled  at  Lorain, 
Lorain  County,  Ohio,  which  contained  0.040  part  alumina  per 
1000  parts. 

Losanitsch,  S.  M.  (Ber.  Deutsch.  Chem.  Gesellsch.  20,  p. 
1114;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  52  (1887),  p.  648),  re- 
ports in  mineral  waters  from  Servia  A12O3  (parts  per  1000) 
as  follows:  Wrnjacka  banja,  0.00105;  Bukowik,  0.00271; 
Palanka,  0.00199;  Alexinacka  banja,  0.00279;  Ribarska  banja, 
o.ooio;  Wranjska  banja,  0.0005,  an<i  Brestowacka  banja, 
0.00140. 

Lowe,  J.  (Jahresb.  Phys.  Ver.  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1853-54, 
p.  55;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854,  p.  759),  notes  in  the  Kronthal, 
Germany,  Salzquelle,  0.000550  part  aluminium  silicate  per 
1000  parts. 

Lowe,  J.  (Jahresb.  Phys.  Ver.  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1854-55, 
p.  58;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  770),  notes  0.001269  £m-  alu- 
minium silicate  per  1000  gms.  in  the  Kronthal,  Nassau,  Ger- 
many, Stahlquelle  water. 


94 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  AUSTRALASIAN  MINERAL  WATERS. 


Analyst. 

Page. 

Alu- 
minium 
Sul- 
phate 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
mina 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Phos- 
phate 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 

minium 
Chlo- 
ride 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Silicate 
per 
Gallon. 

New  Zealand. 
Alkaline   water,  Auck- 
land 

W  Skey 

88 

Grains. 

Grains. 
30 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Springs          Hanmer, 

J  v  Haast 

89 

trace 

Chlorinated       water, 

W  Skey 

89 

45 

Chlorinated        water, 

W  Skey 

•  37 

1  6  42 

Acid   alum  water,  Mo- 
tuhora   (Whale     Isl- 
and, Bay  of  Plenty  . 
Acid  aluminous  water, 
Ohaeawai,  Auckland 
Alum  water  Onetapu, 
Desert  Auckland.  .  . 
Otira    Gorge,  sulphur- 
etted    and    siliceous 

J.  A.  Pond 
J.  Hector 
W.  Skey 

G.  Gray 

90 
92 
92 

48.48 
a 
b 

.  21 

P  a  h  u  a       Wairarapa, 
chlorinated  water.  . 
Chlorinated       water, 
Tologo  Bay  

W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 

93 

2.  I5C 

.64 

Chlorinated  water,  No. 
i  ,  Waimate  Block.  . 
Chlorinated  water,  No. 
2,  Waimate  Block.  . 
Chlorinated  water,  No. 
3,  Waimate  Block.  . 
Weak  chalybeate  Wai- 
rongoa,  North  Taiera 
Otoga             

W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 

A  G  Kidson- 

95 
95 
95 

trace 
2.86 
trace 

•  25 

Alkaline    saline  water, 
Waiwera,  Auckland. 
Chlorinated  water,  A, 

Hunter 
W.  Skey 
W  Skey 

96 
06 

trace 

.  91 

Chlorinated  water,  B 

W  Skey 

O6 

I  .  22 

Chlorinated   water,   C 

W  Skey 

96 

.  21 

Carbonated       alkaline 
water  Whangarei 

J  A  Pond 

traces 

Acid       water,       Lake 
White      Island      or 
Whakaari 

J  Hector 

go   5 

1703  .  id 

New  South  Wales. 

Alkaline  water,   Balli- 
more  
Water  Milparinka  

Queensland. 
Te       Pupunitanga 
Priets's    Bath,    Ro- 
turua  District.  .  .  . 

J.  C.  H.  Mingaye 
A.  H.  Jackson 

W.  Skey 

98 
98 

IOO 

21  .  67 

trace 
little 

a.  Temperature   6o°-ii60  F.     Deposits  alum   and   sulphur   (amount  not  stated)   on 
cooling.     Total  solids,   134.4  grains  per  gallon. 

b.  Total  solids,  456  grains  per  gallon,  mainly  potash,  alum  and  magnesia,  and  ferrous 
chlorides. 

c.  With  trace  of  iron. 

d.  Sesquichloride. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  95 

ALUMINIUM  IN  AUSTRALASIAN  MINERAL  WATERS.— Continued. 


Analyst. 

Page. 

Alu- 
minium 
Sul- 
phate 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
mina 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Phos- 
phate 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Chlo- 
ride 
per 
Gallon. 

Alu- 
minium 
Silicate 
per 
Gallon. 

Waikupapapa  Saddler's 
Bath,  Roturua   Dis- 
trict 

W.  Skey 

TOO 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Waikirihou      V  a  u  x  '  s 
Bath,  Roturua  Dis- 
trict   
Toko          Postmasters' 
Bath,  Roturua  Dis- 
trict   
Arikikapakapa,        Ro- 
turua District  
Te  Mimi  Okakahi,  Ro- 
turua District  
Ti  Kute  Great  Spring, 
Roturua  District.  .  . 
Sulphur    Bay    Spring, 
Rotorua  District.  .  . 
Perekari,      Rotorua 
District  

South  Australia. 
Wyly's  Well  Farina 

W.  Skey 

W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 
W.  Skey 

G  A   Goyder 

100 
100 

too 

100 
100 
100 

too 

33-22 

1-34 
.68 
trace 

11.22 

trace 
trace 

Spring  The  Peake 

G  A  Goyder 

26 

G  A  Goyder 

Spring,    Andrawilla, 

G  A  Goyder 

4  2 

Healy   Springs,   Indul- 

G  A.  Goyder 

.  I  O 

Oolarinna     Soak  age 
Well  
Billa-kalina       Springs, 

G.  A!  Goyder 
G  A  Goyder 

107 





•  25 

•  45 

Sulphur  Spring.Strang- 

G  A  Goyder 

•  75 

G  A.  Goyder 

107 

•  32 

Weedina  Spring  

G.  A.  Goyder 
G  A   Goyder 

107 



•15 
•  3° 

Spring    Alton    Downs, 
Herbert  River,  North 

G  A  Goyder 

68 

Ludwig,  E.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  52,  2.  Abt.,  p.  264;  Jah- 
resber.  Chem.  Will.,  1865,  p.  934),  notes  0.005  aluminium 
phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  the  thermal  spring  at  Tobelbad, 
near  Gratz,  in  Steiermark. 

Ludwig,  E.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  50,  2.  Abt.,  p.  247;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1865,  p.  702;  Jahresber.  Chem.  Will.,  1865,  p.  935), 
notes  traces  of  aluminium  phosphate  in  three  mineral  springs 
at  Mahren,  viz.,  Johannisbrunnen,  Neue  Quelle,  and  Paula- 
quelle. 

Ludwig,  E.  (Min.  Petr.  Mittheil.,  2d  ser.,  4,  p.  519;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1881,  p.  1447),  found  0.0053  A12O3  per  10,000  parts  in 
the  Sauerquelle  from  Apatovac,  Austria-Hungary. 


96  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Ludwig,  E.  (Min.  Petr.  Mittheil.  6.  p.  150;  Jahrseb.  Chem., 
1884,  p.  2035),  notes  o.ooio  A12O3  per  10,000  parts  in  Maria 
Theresia  Quelle  at  Andersdorf,  Austria-Hungary. 

Ludwig,  E.  (Die  Mineralquellen  Bosniens,  abs.  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1889,  II,  p.  264;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1889,  p.  2633), 
reports  in  the  following  mineral  waters  from  Bosnia:  (i)  Ther- 
mal spring  at  Ilidze  near  Sarajewo;  (2)  Sauerling  from  Kisel- 
jack;  (30)  Sauerling  from  Bistrica;  (30)  Sauerling  from  Ljes- 
kovica  (Giftquelle) ;  (4)  Rjecicaquelle  at  Maglaj ;  (6)  Sauerling 
at  Dragunje;  (7)  Sauerling  at  Kiseljack  near  D.  Tuzla;  and 
(8)  iodine  spring  at  Navioci  near  Han  Sibosica;  A12O3  as 
follows:  0.012,  0.002,  0.006,  0.004,  0.0017,  °-°°5>  o.ooi,  and 
0.021  (probably  parts  per  10,000). 

Ludwig,  E.  (Tschermak's  Mineral.  Mittheil.  1890,  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1890,  p.  2662),  reports  1.319  aluminium  sulphate  in 
Cervena-Rjeka-Quelle  and  0.146  aluminium  sulphate  in  the 
Quelle  an  der  Strasse  (presumably  parts  per  10,000  cc.). 
Both  these  "vitriol"  springs  are  at  Srebrenica,  Bosnia.  He 
also  reports  (Tschermak's  Mineral.  Mittheil.,  1890;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1890,  p.  2663)  13.468  gms.  aluminium  sulphate  per 
10,000  cc.  in  a  mineral  spring  at  Biidos  (Balvanyos)  in  Sieben- 
biirgen,  0.007  gm.  alumina  per  10,000  cc.  in  Karlsquelle; 
0.0025  gm.  aluminium  per  10,000  cc.  in  Fidelisquelle ;  and 
0.961  part  aluminium  sulphate  per  10,000  parts  in  the  alum 
spring,  all  on  the  Biidos  (Stinkberg). 

Ludwig,  E.  (Die  Mineralquellen  Bosniens,  abs.  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1890,  II,  pp.  468.  846;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1890,  p.  2666), 
reports  analyses  of  mineral-spring  waters  from  Bosnia.  The 
following  waters  contained  alumina  (grams  per  10,000  in 
every  case):  No.  ia,  saline,  Dolnj-Tuzla,  0.005;  No.  16,  saline, 
Dolnj-Tuzla,  0.009;  No.  2,  thermal  spring  at  Gradacac,  0.007; 
No.  5,  sulphur  spring,  Raso,  o.ooi ;  No.  6,  Sauerling  at  Jasenica, 
0.006;  No.  7,  Sauerling  at  Dubnica,  0.002;  No.  8,  Sauerling  at 
Tesanj,  0.019;  No.  9,  thermal  spring,  Vrucica,  0.008;  No.  10, 
thermal  spring,  Kulasi,  0.007  '»  No.  n,  sulphur  spring,  Smodelac, 
0.003;  No.  12,  thermal  spring,  Gorni  Sehar,  o.ooi;  No.  13, 
thermal  spring,  Slatina  Ilidze,  0.003;  No.  14,  Sauerling  spring, 
Slatina  Ilidze,  0.005;  No.  15,  thermal  spring  at  Gata,  0.002; 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  9/ 

No.  16,  thermal  spring  at  Fojnica,  o.ooi;  and  No.  17,  thermal 
spring  at  Banja  Visegrad,  o.ooi. 

Other  springs  contained  aluminium  sulphate  as  follows 
(grams  per  10,000) :  Waters  from  Srebrenica  (Haldenwasser),  No. 
4a,  arsenic  vitriol  Crni  Guber,  2.227;  No.  46,  arsenic  vitriol 
Mala  Kiselica,  1.482;  and  No.  4C,  arsenic  vitriol  Velika 
Kiselica,  0.384. 

Ludwig,  E.  (Tsch.  Min.  Mittheil.,  16  (1896),  p.  133;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  72  (1897),  II,  p.  no),  notes  in  a  car- 
bonated water  from  a  spring  at  Seifersdorf ,  Austrian  Silesia,  o.ooi 
parts  A12O3  per  10,000,  and  also  notes  (Tsch.  Min.  Mittheil., 
16  (1896),  p.  140;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  72  (1897),  II, 
p.  no)  0.002  part  A12O3  per  10,000  parts  in  water  from  the 
Constantine  Spring  in  Gleichenberg,  Styria. 

Ludwig,  E.  (Wien.  Klin.  Wochensch.,  10  (1897),  P-  56; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1897,  I,  p.  718;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London, 
74  (1898),  II,  p.  392),  reports  0.004  A12O3  parts  per  10,000  in 
water  from  the  iodine  spring  at  Wels,  Upper  Austria. 

Ludwig,  E.,  and  V.  Ludwig  (Wien.  Klin.  Wochensch.,  n 
(1898),  207)  studied  the  composition  of  the  acid  iron  springs 
at  Johannisbrunn  in  Silicia,  reporting  per  10,000  parts  by  weight 
o.ooi  part  alumina  in  Marienquelle  and  0.002  part  in  Paula- 
quelle. 

Ludwig,  E.,  and  J.  Mauthner  (Min.  Petr.  Mittheil.,  2d  ser., 
2,  p.  269;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1880,  p.  1524)  report  analyses  of 
the  Carlsbad  thermal  springs.  These  contained  A12O3  per 
10,000  cc.  as  follows:  Sprudel,  0.004  gm-  i  Marktbrunnen, 
0.007  gm.;  Schlossbrunnen,  0.005  gm- 1  Miihlbrunnen,  0.005  gni- '» 
Neubrunnen,  0.006  gm. ;  Theresienbrunnen,  0.005  gm- 1  Eliz- 
abethquelle,  0.006  gm. ;  Felsenquelle,  0.003  gm- 1  Kaiser- 
brunnen,  0.005  gm.  The  article  (loc.  cit.,  p.  1526)  contains  a 
reference  to  Lerch's  analyses  made  in  1847.  He  reported 
0.005  gm.  A12O3  per  10,000  cc.  in  Orchesterquelle,  and  0.006 
gm.  in  Elizabethquelle. 

Ludwig,  E.,  and  T.  Panzer  (Wiener  Klin.  Wochensch., 
13  (1900),  p.  617)  note  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  water  of 
the  Gastein,  Austria,  Hauptquelle  or  Elizabethquelle.  They 
also  quote  data  obtained  by  earlier  analysts.  Thus  Hiine- 
feld  reported  0.016  A12O3  in  1828;  Saltmann,  0.027  in 


98  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Wolff,  0.022  in  1845;  and  Ullik,  0.003  in  1845,  parts  per  10,000 
in  every  case. 

Ludwig,  H.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  26.  ser.,  93  (1858),  pp.  129,  257; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  795),  notes  0.0054  Al2O3.SiO3  per 
1000  parts  in  the  cold  sulphur-water  from  Tennstadt,  Thu- 
ringia. 

Ludwig,  H.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2.  ser.,  133  (1868),  p.  i;  Jahresb. 
Chem.  Will.,  1868,  p.  1037),  reports  per  1000  cc.  0.0033 
Al2O3,2SiO2  in  Friedensquelle  from  Rostenberg  in  Sachsen- 
Weimer-Eisenach. 

Lunge,  G.,  and  L.  Landolt  (Sep.  from  Corresp.  Schweizer- 
Aerzt.;  Jahresber.  Chem.,  1885,  p.  2317)  report  0.0259  gm. 
A12C16  per  1000  gms.  in  the  Schweizerhalle  saline  spring  at 
Basel. 

Lunge,  G.,  and  R.  E.  Schmidt  (Zeit.  Analyt.  Chem.,  25,  p. 
309;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  50  (1886),  p,  996),  in  water  of 
the  St.  Lorenz  hot  spring  at  Leuk,  note  per  kilogram  0.00051 
gm.  alumina. 

Magerstein,  V.  T.  (Verhandl.  Geol.  Reichsanst.,  1879,  p.  191; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1879,  p.  1265),  reports  a  trace  of  A12O3  in  two 
mineral  waters  from  Zuckmantel  and  Einsiedel,  Austria. 

Maier,  P.  J.  (Naturk.  Tijdschrift.  Nederland  Indie,  21,  p.  i; 
22,  p.  44;  23,  pp.  46,  378;  Jahresb.  Chem  ,  1861,  p.  1113), 
found  A12O3  (grams  per  100)  in  mineral  water  from  Dutch 
East  India  as  follows:  Spring  at  Koeningan  near  the  river 
Tjisangarong,  0.01730;  Sissipan  Spring,  near  the  river  Tjisan- 
garong,  0.01050;  spring  northeast  from  the  Palimang  mountain, 
0.00039;  Prajan  Spring  at  Res.  Madioen,  trace;  hot  spring  at 
the  foot  of  Kaba  mountain,  0.00059;  and  thermal  spring  on 
Pengalengen  plateau,  0.00038. 

Mangini,  F.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  17  (1887).  p.  517;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  54  (1888),  p.  1261),  in  an  analysis  of  the 
chalybeate  water  of  Raffanelo  in  the  commune  of  Canale  Mon- 
terano,  reports  0.1350  gm.  A12O3  per  liter. 

Marchand,  E.,  and  E.  Leudet  (Jour.  Pharm.,  37,  p.  328; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  838)  report  aluminium  salts  as 
follows  (grams  per  1000  gm.)  in  mineral  water  from  Bleville, 
France:  0.0031  A12O33SO3;  0.0151  A12O3.NH4O.4SO3-.  0.0145 
A12O3.KO.4SO3;  0.0022  A12O3PO5;  and  0.0493  CaO.Al2O3.4SiO3. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  99 

Mason,  W.  P.  (Chem.  News,  61,  p.  123;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc., 
London,  58  (1890),  p.  854),  reports  an  analysis  of  the  water 
of  Excelsior  Springs  near  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  which  showed 
2.10  parts  A12O3  per  1,000,000. 

Maumene*  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.,  Paris,  31,  p.  270;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1850,  p.  754;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1850,  p.  626)  notes 
0.00112,  0.00119,  0.00140,  and  0.00197  gm-  alumina  per  1000 
cc.,  respectively,  in  water  from  the  Vesle  taken  on  January 
23,  1849,  at  Chateau-d'Eau;  Vesle  water  taken  at  the  same 
place  June  18,  1849;  Vesle  water  taken  June  18,  1849,  at 
Saint-Brice,  and  water  from  the  Suippe. 

Meyer,  R.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesell.,  n  (1878),  p.  1521; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  36  (1879),  H>  P-  33),  in  water  from 
the  mineral  spring  at  Tenninger  Bad,  Somvirex  Tobel,  Ori- 
sons, notes  0.0008  part  A12O3  and  H3PO4  per  10,000. 

Mingaye,  J.  C.  H.  (Jour.  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  New  South  Wales, 
26  (1892),  p.  73),  reports  a  number  of  analyses  in  a  study  of 
some  of  the  well,  spring,  mineral,  and  artesian  waters  of  New 
South  Wales  and  their  probable  value  for  irrigation.  A  potable 
water  from  Yarrangobilly  caves  and  one  from  Jenolan  caves 
each  contained  a  trace  of  alumina.  Other  waters  contained 
alumina  (parts  per  1000)  as  follows:  Water  from  Jenkins's 
quarry,  0.0082;  from  Kidwell's  quarry,  0.0104;  from  Marden's 
quarry,  0.0126;  from  Walsh's  quarry,  0.0096;  water  from 
brewery,  Broken  Hill,  0.0044;  Silverthorne's  well,  Broken  Hill, 
0.0030;  water  from  Portion  86,  taken  from  a  bore  in  a  lime- 
stone quarry,  Broken  Hill,  0.0004;  Wilcannia,  water  from 
Tarella,  0.0064;  water  from  Barragan,  near  Mudgee,  trace; 
Belabula  River,  Clifden  Run,  trace;  artesian  water  from  Cutta- 
bura,  Bourke  private  bore,  and  Bourke  Corrella  Station, 
trace;  and  mineral  water  from  Jarvisville,  near  Picton,  Ballinore, 
Tarbragar  River,  near  Dubbo  (artesian),  and  Rock-Flat  Spring, 
near  Cooma,  Monara  District,  each  a  trace.  In  one  or  two 
other  cases  alumina  with  iron  is  noted. 

Mingaye,  J.  C.  (Rpt.  Australian  Assoc.  Adv.  Science,  6 
(1895),  P-  265)'  in  a  second  paper,  which  deals  with  analyses  of 
the  artesian  waters  of  New  South  Wales  and  their  value  for 
irrigation  and  other  purposes,  reports  alumina  as  follows  (parts 
per  thousand) :  Kelly's  Camp  bore,  0.0028  (with  a  trace  of 


IOO  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Fe2O3),  water  from  Barringun  bore,  0.0036  (with  a  trace  of 
Fe203);  Corella  bore  No.  i  (private),  trace;  Waroo  Springs 
bore,  0.0036  (with  a  trace  of  Fe2O3);  Cuttaburra  bore  and 
Dungle  Ridge  bore,  each  a  trace.  In  several  other  waters 
alumina  and  ferric  oxid  are  reported  together. 

Miteregger,  J.  (Jahrb.  Naturhist.  Landesmuseums  Karnthen, 
1861,  No.  5,  p.  i;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  1099),  notes  alu- 
minium (parts  per  10,000  cc.)  as  follows,  in  water  from 
Radlbad,  near  Gmiind,  0.820;  Sauerling  Bades  Vellach  in  Vella- 
thale  Hauptquelle  No.  IV,  0.130;  Sauerling  Bades  Vellach 
in  Vellathale  Quelle  No.  II,  0.189;  Sauerling  Bades  Vellach 
in  Vellathale  Quelle  No.  Ill,  0.080;  Sauerling,  Bades  Vellach 
in  Vellathale  Quelle  No.  V,  o.ioo,  and  Sauerling  from  Ebriach, 
near  Eisenkappel,  0.130. 

Mitteregger,  J.  (Jahrb.  Naturhist.  Landesmuseums  Karn- 
then, 1862,  p.  109;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  813),  notes 
alumina  per  10,000  gms.  in  Karnthen  medicinal  waters  as 
follows:  Katharien-Bad  at  Klein-Kirchheim,  0.050;  Preblauer 
Sauerbrunnen,  0.040;  Sauerbrunnen  at  Weissenbach  in  the 
Lavantthale,  0.140;  and  Kleininger  Sauerbrunnen  in  the 
Lavantthale,  0.240. 

Moissenet  (Ann.  Min.,  5th  ser.,  17,  p.  7;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1860,  p.  839)  reports  A12O3  (grams  per  1000  cc.)  in  French  mineral 
waters  as  follows:  Water  from  Sylvanes,  Dept.  Aveyron,  Source 
des  Moines,  0.0300;  Source  des  Petites  Baignoires,  0.0750; 
Source  des  Petites-Eaux,  0.0200;  Source  des  Bains  Nouveaux, 
0.0200;  water  from  Plombieres,  Sources  des  Dames,  0.0075, 
and  Source  ferrugineuse,  0.1433;  and  a  trace  of  A12O3  in  water 
from  Vittel,  near  Contrexeville,  Dept.  Vosges,  Source  Marie, 
Source  des  Demoiselles,  and  Grand  Source. 

Moitessier,  A.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  51.  p.  636; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  839),  notes  0.0030  gm.  alumina  per 
1000  in  the  water  of  the  warm  spring  about  2  km.  north 
of  Montpellier,  France. 

Morelli  (Chem.  Ztg.,  1881,  p.  815;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1881, 
p.  1448)  found  0.0299  part  aluminium  sulphate  per  1000  in 
one  spring  and  0.0326  part  aluminium  sulphate  in  another 
at  Ceresole  Reale,  Italy. 

Morin,  P.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  21,  p.  5;   Arch.  Phil.  Nat., 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  IOI 

18,  p.  224;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  667),  found  0.0162  gm. 
aluminium  silicate  per  1000  gms.  in  mineral  water  from  Coese 
(Savoy). 

Morin,  P.  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  40,  p.  183;  Jahresb. 
'Chem.,  1861,  p.  1106),  found  0.0027  gm-  alumina  per  1000 
gms.  in  mineral  water  from  the  Guillot  spring  at  Evian, 
Savoy. 

Muck,  F.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  96,  p.  459;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1866,  p.  384;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  931),  reports 
in  1000  parts  Natronsauerling  from  Nassau  0.00060  gram 
alumina. 

Miigge,  0.  (Jahrb.  Min.,  Beilageband.  4,  p.  576.  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1886,  p.  2324),  reports  an  analysis  by  C.  Pieper  of  a 
hot  spring  south  of  Naiwaschasee,  Massailand,  East  Africa. 
This  contained  0.779  gm-  A12S3O12  per  1000  cc. 

Miiller,  E.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2dser.,  186  (1868),  p.  16;  Jahresb. 
Chem,,  1868,  p.  1038),  reports  per  500  gms.  0.0027  A12O3PO5 
and  0.0150  A12O3.3HO  in  the  water  of  the  sulphur  spring 
at  Seebruch. 

Miiller,  G.  (Neue.  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  3,  p.  205;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
1855,  p.  526;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  840),  reports  0.0340 
alumina  per  1000  gms.  in  the  Bergstrasse  Stahlquelle  water 
from  Weinheim. 

Mtiller,  G.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  2.  Abt.,  58,  p.  101 ;  Inst., 
1868,  p.  384;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1868,  p.  1035),  reports  traces 
of  A12O3  in  the  Ida  spring  at  Biloves  in  Bohemia. 

Muspratt,  J.  S.  (Pharm.  Jour.  Trans.,  n,  p.  151;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1851,  p.  653),  notes  traces  of  alumina  in  the  water  of 
the  principal  spring  at  Baden-Baden. 

Nasini,  R.,  and  F.  Anderlini  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  24  (1894),  I, 
p.  327;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  London,  66  (1894),  II,  p.  422)  report 
0.0015  A12O3  part  per  10,000  by  weight  in  the  water  of  Hot 
Springs  at  Monte  Irone,  Albane. 

Netwald  (Unters.  des  Mineralwasser  zu  Hall  bei  Krems- 
miinster,  Linz,  1853;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  711)  notes  in 
mineral  water  from  Hall  near  Kremsmunster,  Austria,  0.0038 
gm.  aluminium  silicate  per  1000  gms. 

Northcote,  A.  B.  (Phil.  Mag.,  4th  ser.,  14,  p.  457;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1857,  p.  727),  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  following 


IO2  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

saline  waters  from  Cheshire,  England:  Anderton,  Marston, 
Winsford,  and  Wheelock. 

Nuricsan,  J.  (Foldtani  Kozlony,  23  (1893),  p.  296;  Jahrtx 
Min.,  1891,  I,  Ref.  67;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  68  (1895),  H» 
p.  118),  notes  0.0017  ?m-  A12O3  per  kilogram  in  the  water  of 
the  Roman  brine  spring  and  0.0064  in  the  Shaft  spring  at 
Torda,  Hungary. 

Nuricsany  and  Spangler  (Wiener  Acad.  Ber.,  14,  p.  121; 
Pharm.  Centbl.,  1855,  p.  78;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854,  p.  771) 
note  in  mineral  water  from  Roggendorff  (Hungary)  0.019 
gm.  alumina  per  1000  gms. 

Ochsenius,  C.  (Ztschr.  Geol.  Ges.,  34,  p.  357;  Jahresb, 
Chem.,  1882,  p.  1626),  notes  traces  of  A12O3  in  water  from  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah. 

Oppermann  (Mem.  Mus.  Strassburg,  4,  1853,  p.  21;  Jahrb. 
Min.,  1854,  p.  184;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  717)  notes  0.006250 
gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in  mineral  water  from  Sulzbach, 
Alsace. 

Orlow,  N.  A.  (Farmaz.  Jour.,  40,  1901,  pp.  2,  26;  Ztschr. 
Untersuch.  Nahr.  u.  GenussmtL,  5  (1902),  p.  133),  reports 
0.0022  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc.  in  the  Director  spring  water 
from  Staraja-Russa. 

Orlowsky,  A.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesell.,  1883,  p.  978  (cor- 
resp.);  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1883,  p.  1947),  notes  0.001904  part 
A12O3  per  1000  parts  in  Bolschoi  water  (used  for  baths)  and 
0.001784  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts  in  Kasimer  water  (used  for 
drinking),  both  springs  in  Slawinsk,  Poland. 

Orosi  (Gaz.  Toscana,  1847,  P-  99 I  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1847, 
p.  413;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  42,  p.  468;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847— 
48,  p.  1009)  found  0.0049  part  alumina  per  1000  in  Mofetta  di  S. 
Quirico,  water  from  Tuscany. 

Osnaghi  (Wien.  Acad.  Ber.,  17,  p.  443;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1856,  p.  40;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  842)  notes  o.oio  part 
alumina  per  1000  parts  in  mineral  water  from  Galdhof,  near 
Seelowitz,  Austria. 

Otto,  R.,  and  H.  Beckurts  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  18,  p.  115; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1881,  p.  1444)  report  0.0030000  part  A12O3 
per  1000  parts  in  Hroswitha  water  and  0.0035000  part  A12O3  in 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  103 

Wilhelmsquelle ;  both  waters  from  Herzogludolfsbad,  near  Gan- 
dersheim,  Germany. 

Parmentier,  F.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  115,  p.  125; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1892,  p.  2687),  writing  of  the  occurrence  of 
alumina  in  mineral  water,  reports  the  following  in  springs  at 
Vichy,  Saint-Yorre  (Allier)  Frobert,  0.008;  Saint-Louis  No.  i, 
0.007;  Precieuse,  0.006;  Jeanne  d'Arc,  0.004;  Sevigne,  0.003. 
In  Vichy  (Allier)  springs:  Dubois,  0.015;  Vincent,  o.oio.  In 
springs  at  Hauterive  (Allier):  Bayard,  0.006;  Amelie  d'Haute- 
reve,  o.ooi.  In  Pougues-les-Eaux  (Nievre)  springs:  Grande 
Source,  0.014;  Jeanne  d'Arc,  0.006;  Saint-Leon,  0.002;  and 
in  the  Chatelguyon  (Puy-de-D6me)  spring,  Yvonne,  0.009  gm- 
per  1000  cc. 

Parmentier,  F.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  132,  1901, 
p.  1332;  Ztschr.  Untersuch.  Nahr.  u.  Genussmtl.,  5  (1902), 
p.  138),  states  that  aluminium  occurs  in  most  of  the  spring- 
waters  previously  analyzed  by  him  (for  instance,  Vichy),  al- 
though it  was  not  reported. 

In  Puits  Chomel  he  reports  0.0117  gm.  per  1000  cc.,  and 
in  Grande  Grille  he  reports  0.0075  gm-  Per  I00°  cc- 
These  waters  contained  flocculent  particles  of  aluminium 
hydrate. 

Parmentier,  F.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  121  (1895), 
p.  644;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  195),  in  a 
bituminous  water  from  the  Grassion  spring  at  Clermont,  France, 
found  0.004  gm.  A12O3  per  liter. 

Passy,  A.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  68,  p.  171; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1869,  p.  1290),  notes  0.002  and  o.oio  gm. 
A12O3  per  liter,  respectively,  in  spring-water  and  Aube  water 
from  Etufs,  France.  The  analyses  were  made  by  H.  Magnon. 

Paterno,  E.,  and  G.  Mazzara  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  9  (1879), 
p.  71;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1879,  p.  1266)  note  a  trace  of  A12O3 
in  Termini-Imerese  water  from  Palermo,  Sicily. 

Paterno,  E,  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  21  (1891),  II,  p.  40;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1891,  p.  2619),  notes  traces  of  aluminium  phosphate 
in  thermal-spring  water  from  Sclafani. 

Peale,  A.  C.,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  (U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey  Bulletin  No.  32,  p.  235),  published  some  years 
ago  a  very  extended  compilation  of  analyses  of  waters  of 


IO4  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

mineral  springs  in  the  United  States.  The  author  states  that 
the  information  was  derived  primarily  from  various  State  Geo- 
logical Reports,  State  guide-books  and  handbooks,  government 
geological  reports,  etc.,  and  various  other  scientific  publications. 
Much  additional  material  was  obtained  from  members  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  and  in  answer  to  a  special  set  of  inquiries 
sent  throughout  the  United  States.  Efforts  were  made  by 
the  compiler  to  verify  in  each  instance  the  matter  presented 
in  regard  to  the  various  localities  by  direct  correspondence. 
Some  eight  thousand  springs  are  included  in  the  list,  of  which 
about  eight  hundred  had  been  analyzed.  The  tables,  with 
a  few  exceptions,  do  not  include  brine  springs  and  wells  which 
are  used  in  the  production  and  manufacture  of  salt,  since  such 
waters  are  not  applied  to  the  ordinary  uses  of  mineral  springs. 
The  results  are  arranged  by  States  and  Territories,  and  the 
analytical  data  are  in  the  main  incorporated  in  the  tables  as 
given  in  the  sources  from  which  they  were  taken,  except  that 
where  originally  expressed  in  grains  per  fraction  of  a  gallon 
they  were  recalculated  to  grains  per  gallon.  Unless  otherwise 
stated  the  gallon  mentioned  is  the  standard  United  States 
gallon  or  wine  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches.  In  a  number  of 
cases  the  iron  and  aluminium  were  reported  together.  Such 
figures  have  been  omitted  in  preparing  the  data  here  given,  nor 
is  reference  made  to  those  spring-waters  in  which  a  trace  of 
alumina  was  reported.  The  pages  of  Dr.  Peale's  report  on 
which  the  analyses  occur,  from  which  the  data  regarding  alu- 
minium are  quoted,  are  given,  as  well  as  the  name  of  the  analyst 
when  it  was  stated.  References  to  the  original  place  of  publi- 
cation are  not  given,  as  they  were  not  quoted  by  Dr.  Peale. 
The  following  table  records  the  data  regarding  the  occurrence 
of  alumina  (A1X33): 


A  L  U MINIUM  IN  NA  T  URA  L    WA  TERS. 


10$ 


AMOUNT    OF    ALUMINA   IN   THE  WATER   OF   A    NUMBER   OF 
MINERAL  SPRINGS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Alumina 
per  Gallon. 

Maine. 
Poland  Star  Spring  

F   L  Bartlett 

Grains. 

Roscicrucian  Spring  

S   Dana  Hayes 

16 

•  6Z    u 

Hartford  Cold  Springs  

16 

•  uo 

New  Hampshire. 
Iron  Spring  Milford  

G  E   Sewell 

I  7 

Birchdale        Springs,        Concord 
Sprino'S                                          .  .  • 

C  F   Chandler 

18 

Unity  Springs,  Iron  Spring  
Vermont. 
Middletown  Springs    No   i      .  .  .  . 

S.  Dana  Hayes 
Peter  Collier 

18 

.04 
fi*r    r 

New  York. 
Artesian      Lithia     Spring,     Ball- 
Eton   Spa 

C  F  Chandler 

.07    C 
Oo 

Franklin    Artesian    Well,     Balls- 
ton   Spa                     

C   F   Chandler 

66 

o/S 

Washington     Lithia     Well     (old 
Conde     Dentonian),     Ballston, 
Spa                       

C  F  Chandler 

66 

•3  -7 

White        Sulphur,       Chittenango 
Springs 

C  F  Chandler 

no 

Cave          Spring,          Chittenango 
Springs 

C  F  Chandler 

66 

Cherry  Valley  Phosphate  Spring.  . 
Lebanon  Thermal  Spring.  
Richfield  Sulphur  Spring  ....  .  . 
Saratoga      Champion      Spouting 
Spring             

C.  F.  Chandler 
H.  Dussance 
T.  Deecke 

C  F  Chandler 

66 
34 
35 
37 

?s 

.14 

•45 

.  10 
A6 

Saratoga  Crystal  Springs  
Saratoga  Congress  Spring  
Saratoga  Empire  Spring  
Saratoga  Eureka  Spring       .  .  . 

C.  F.  Chandler 
T.  R.  Chilton 
C.  F.  Chandler 
Allen 

o  Co  Co  Co  C 

D  CO  00  00  C 

•  31 
•  32 
.42 

Saratoga  Flat  Rock  Spring.  .  .  . 

C  F  Chandler 

oy 

•7Q 

•  -*6 

Saratoga  Hathorn  Spring  

C  F  Chandler 

•7Q 

Saratoga  High  Rock  Springs  
Saratoga  Pavilion  Spring  

C.  F.  Chandler 
C  F   Chandler 

39 

AQ 

•  L6 
I  .22 

•3  -2 

Saratoga  Pavilion  Spring 

J   R  Chilton 

Saratoga  Putnam  Spring 

J   R  Chilton 

c6 

Saratoga  New  Putnam  Spring.  .  .  . 
Saratoga  A  or  Alum  Spring  
Saratoga  Seltzer  Spring  

C.  F.  Chandler 
J.  G.  Pohle 
C  F  Chandler 

40 
40 

A.O 

•  i)u 

.22 

.38 

•?  7 

Saratoga  Union  Spring  
Saratoga  United  States  Spring.  .  . 
Saratoga  Vichy  Spring  

New  Jersey. 
Schooley's  Mountain  Spring  
Warwick  Spring 

C.  F.  Chandler 
C.  F.  Chandler 
C.  F.  Chandler 

C.  Mclntyre,  Jr. 
C  F  Chandler 

4i 
41 
4i 

43 

A  -1 

•32 
.09 
.48 

•14 

7O 

•  /u 

a.   With  iron. 


b.  With  soda. 


c.  Grains  per  cubic  foot. 


106  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ALUMINA  IN  MINERAL  SPRINGS— Continued, 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Alumina 
per  Gallon. 

Pennsylvania  . 
Cresson  Magnesia  Spring  

F.  A  Genth 

47 

Grains. 

O  I 

Gettysburg  Lithia  Spring  

F.  A.  Genth 

4.8 

O2 

Mineral  Springs  Hanover 

Hollenbush 

48 

Kane  Sulphur  Spring  
Maryland. 
Strontia  Mineral  Spring    

F.  A.  Genth 
W  Simon 

49 

p  ? 

•03 

i  86  a 

Virginia. 
Bath  Alum  Spring  No   i      

Hayes 

DO 

c8 

Bath  Alum  Spring  No   3      

Haves 

5° 
eg 

12  20  b 

Clifton  Spring  No   i       

J   L  Ca'mpbell 

e,8 

O7     C 

Blue  Ridge  Spring         

F  A  Genth 

CQ 

14 

Farmville  Lithia  Springs,  No.  2.  . 
Mineral    Springs,  near   Farmwell 
Station    No   i 

E.  T.  Fristoe 
R  B   Riees 

60 
6O 

2.52 

Mineral   Springs,  near   Farmwell 
Station   No  3 

R  B   Riggs 

60 

Boiler    Bath  (Old  Ladies'  Boiler 
Bath  Hot  Spring)  

F  W  Clarke 

61 

Hot  Spout  Bath  

F  W  Clarke 

61 

Octagon  Bath 

F  W  Clarke 

61 

New  Hot  Spring 

F  W  Clarke 

61 

Sulphur  Bath  or  Ladies'  Sulphur 
Bath 

F  W  Clarke 

61 

Jordan  Alum  Chalybeate  Spring.  . 
Jordan  White  Sulphur  Springs.  .  . 
Massanetta  Mineral  Springs.  ..... 
Rawley  Springs,  Main  Fountain  .  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Springs,  Chaly- 
beate Spring  
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  i  .  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  2.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  3.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  4.  . 
Rock  Enon  Springs   

J.  W.  Mallet 
T.  Antisell 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 

J.  W.  Mallet 
A.  A.  Hayes 
A.  A.  Hayes 
M.  B.  Hardin 
A.  A.  Hayes 
Gale  and  Mew 

62 
63 
63 
63 

64 
64 
65 
65 

65 
67 

•°5 
.OI 
.16 

.05  c 

.06 
14.76 
17.91 

43-95 
24.09 
80 

Roanoke  Red  Sulphur  Springs  .  .  . 
Shenandoafr  Alum  Springs  

M.  B.  Hardin 
J.  W.  Mallet 

67 
67 

.01 

12     3Q    C 

West  Virginia. 
Capon  Main  Spring  

J.  W.  Mallet 

71 

02  c 

Capon  Beauty  Spring  

J.  W.  Mallet 

71 

02  c 

Greenbrier   White  Sulphur    Sour 
Spring 

W  B   Rogers 

72 

1  6  20  f 

Salt  Sulphur  Iodine  Spring  

D.  Stewart 

73 

.18 

a.  Parts  per  100,000. 

6.  Also  aluminium  phosphate.     See  p.  113. 

c.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 

d.  Grams  per  liter. 

e.  Grains  in   100  cubic  inches. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 
ALUMINA   IN   MINERAL  SPRINGS.— Continued. 


ID/ 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Alumina 
per  Gallon. 

North  Carolina. 
Greensborough  Spring  
Panacea  Spring,  near  Littleton.  .  . 
Park's  Alkaline  Mineral  Spring  

Georgia. 
Helicon  Springs   

W.  C.  Kerr,  a 
W.  C.  Kerr,  a 
A.  R.  Ledoux 

H.  C.  White 

W.  C.  Stubbs 
W.  C.  Stubbs 

L.  Harper 

A.  Dove 
J.  M.  Safford 
W.  A.  Noyes 
J.  M.  Safford 
J.  B.  Mitchell 
J.  M.  Safford 
Troost 

R.  Peter 
R.  Peter 
R.  Peter 
J.  P.  Barnum 

E.  H.  Larkin 
Wright  and 
Merrill 

A.  Merrill 
C.  F.  Chandler 
W.  M.  Mew 
W.  M.  Mew 

O.  N.  Stoddard 
E.  S.  Wayne 

A.  Fennel 
E.  T.  Cox 

77 
78 

78 
85 

93 
93 

97 

103 
103 

104 
104 

106 

in 
116 
116 
118 

122 
122 

127 
128 
128 
128 

133 
134 

134 

138 

Grains. 
.18 
•32 
3-5° 

.05    b 

12.41 
i.  45 

.00005  G 

2  .OO 
.06 
.04 
.29 

•5° 
.06 

.08 

.02  d.  e 
.0006  / 

.0021   /,g 
I  .20  / 

•45 
•49 

i  .  54 

I  .  22 
3-46 

.98 
.  12 

.22 

.19  b 

Alabama. 
Johnson's  Wells 

Talladega  Spring  

Mississippi. 
Lauderdale  Springs   . 

Tennessee. 
Austin's  Springs 

Crisp  Springs 

Galbraith's  Springs 

Hurricane  Springs   

Montvale  Springs    

Tilford's  Mineral  Well  

White  Cliff  Springs  

Kentucky. 
Estill     Springs,     White     Sulphur 
Spring  
Olympian  Salt  Sulphur  Spring.  .  . 
Olympian  White  Sulphur  Spring  . 
Kuttawa  Mineral  Springs  

Arkansas. 
Hot  Springs 

Warm  Springs      .        .    . 

Texas. 
Palo  Pinto  Well                 

Wootan  Well   No   i    

Wootan  Well   No   2  

Wootan  Well,  No.  4:  

Ohio. 
Green  Mineral  Spring      

Ohio  Magnetic  Spring  

Cedar        Springs,        Washington 
SprinCT 

Indiana. 
Greencastle,     North     or     Daggy 
Spring  \ 

a.  Reported  in  Geol.  North  Carolina,  i  (1875). 

b.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 

c.  Parts  per  100. 

d.  Grains  per  1000. 


e.  With  trace  of  phosphates. 

f.  Parts  per  1000. 

g.  With  iron  and  manganese  carbonates. 


108  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ALUMINA   IN   MINERAL  SPRINGS.— Continued. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Alumina 
per  Gallon. 

Indiana. 
Greencastle,  Middle  or  Dewdrop 
Spring  
Marion  Artesian  Well  

E.  T.  Cox 

138 
I  3Q 

Grains. 

.09  a 

3C  a 

West  Saratoga  Spring,  No.  i  
West  Saratoga  Spring,  No.  2  

Illinois. 
Alcyone  Mineral  Springs  

Glen  Flora  Springs 

E.  T.  Cox 
E.  T.  Cox 

Wheeler  and 
Blaney 
J   V  Z   Blaney 

140 
140 

144 

1  4-4. 

.  22  a 
•  43  a 

1.99  a 

I  r 

Versailles  Mineral  Spring,  No.  i.  . 
Rockford  Artesian  Well,  No.  i.  .  . 

Michigan. 
Riverside  Magnetic  Spring  No   2 

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 
E.  G.  Smith 

144 

144 

14-7 

•730,  b 

.  0009  c 

ci  d 

Butterworth's   Magnetic    Spring, 
Grand  Haven  Mineral  Spring.  .  .  . 
Mount  Clemens  Mineral  Well.  .  .  . 
Mount  Clemens  Media  Spring.  .  .  . 
Mount  Clemens  Soolbad  Spring.  . 
"W^arner's  Spring 

S.  P.  Duffield 
C.  G.  Wheeler 
S.  P.  Duffield 
S.  P.  Duffield 
S.  P.  Duffield 

147 
148 
148 
148 
148 
I  ">O 

•  49  a 

•30 
29.47 
29  .00 

II  .  21 

2  ? 

Wisconsin. 
Arctic  Spring  

W.  W.  Daniels 

I  C  7 

•  I  ~ 

Bethesda  Springs,  Waukesha  .... 
Black  Earth  Mineral  Springs 

C.  F.  Chandler 
A  C  Barry 

153 

1C? 

.  12 
I     OO  € 

Buckhert's  Fountain   

G.  Bode 

I  C  T. 

16 

Eureka  Springs      

G.  Bode 

I  CA 

.  19  c 

Fountain  Springs  

J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 

154 

•  °9 

Gibson  Springs  

G.  Bode 

i  CA 

•  I3  c 

Glen  Springs 

F   C  Chandler 

i  C4 

o=c 

Gomber's  Well 

i  C4 

i  T. 

Hacket's  Spring                  .           .  . 

G.  Bode 

i  54 

.  1  1 

Horeb  Springs                  

G.  Bode 

i  =54 

•  2  T, 

Hy^eia  Springs            

A.  Thiel 

i  <A 

•  72 

lodo-Magnesian  Springs  

F.  C.  Chandler 

154 

.06 

Jacob's  Artesian  Well  

G.  Bode 

154 

•  T9 

Jordan's  Mineral  Well  

G.  Bode 

154 

.68 

'Palmyra  Springs,  Zenobia's  Foun- 
tain                                               .  . 

G.  Bode 

ICC 

.22 

Palmyra  Springs,  Eye  Springs.  .  . 
St  Croix  Mineral  Spring  

G.  Bode 
J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 

155 

155 

.19 

•  49 

Shealtiel  Mineral  Springs  
Sheboygan  Mineral  Spring  
Sheboygan  Mineral  Spring  
Sheridan  Springs              •           ... 

G.  Bode 
G.  Bode 
C.  F.  Chandler 
G.  Bode 

156 
156 
156 
156 

.09 

I  .  10 

•13 

.05 

Silurian  Spring                             .... 

W.  S.  Haines 

156 

•  59 

Vesta  Spring  

G.  Bode 

156 

•T3 

a.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 

b.  With  trace  of  iron. 

c.  Parts  per  1000. 


d.  With  calcium  phosphates. 

e.  Apparently  parts  per  100  of  total  ash. 

f.  With  iron. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  N A  7" URAL    WATERS. 
ALUMINA    IN    MINERAL   SPRINGS.— Continued. 


109 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst.               j  Page. 

Alumina 
per  Gallon. 

Wisconsin. 
White  Rock  Spring 

j  I.  Campbell  Browne 
C.  D.  Marsh 

G.  Bode 
Daniels 

Enno  Sander 

157 

i57 

J57 
J57 

J59 

X59 
J59 

161 
161 

162 

163 
163 

168 
168 
168 
169 

169 

169 
169 

175 
!75 
175 

180 
187 
192 

Grains. 

-75« 
.00041  i  o 

.0610 
.0467 

.  10 

.28 
2.38 

.0816 

.01 

226  .41 

.29 

.1170 

.6484 

•79 
5.08  c 
.67 

•*7 

.09 

.22 

.21 
I  .  12 
I  .4083 

.I2d,f 

.0040  e 
.65  d 

Utley  Mineral  Spring  
Artesian  Mineral  Well,  Prairie  du 
Chien  
Park  Spring  .  . 

Minnesota. 
Owatonna  Vichy  Spring  
Owatonna  Mineral  Spring  (name 
unknown)  

Humboldt's  Salt  Well 

J.  A.  Dodge 

Erastus  G.  Smith 
G  A  Mariner 

Dakota. 
Artesian  Well  at  Aberdeen  
Mineral  Well  at  foot  of  bluff  at 
Pierre   . 

Iowa. 
Iowa  Acid  Spring  
Cherokee         Magnetic        Mineral 
Spring's 

J.  H.  Siebel 

J.  W.  Draper 
G.  Bode 

P.  Schweitzer 
P.  Schweitzer 
H.  W.  Wiley 
P.  Schweitzer 

C.  P.  Williams 

C.  P.  Williams 
P.  Schweitzer 

Barnes  and  Sim 
Barnes  and  Sim 
E.  H.  Failyer 

W.  A.  Noyes 
F.  W.  Clarke 
G.  E.  Patrick 

OM  Jr     7?     
oiloam  Springs 

Missouri. 
Bowsher  Mineral  Spring  
Columbia  Chalybeate  Springs  .... 
Climax  Springs 

Landreth's  Mineral  Well  
Sweet    Springs  near    Brown  ville, 
Akesion  Spring       .  . 

Sweet    Springs   near    Brown  ville, 
Sweet  Sprino" 

New  Baden  Springs 

Kansas. 
Flowing  Spring  
Pfister's  Spring  
Haddon  Mineral  Well 

Montana. 
Hunter's  Hot  Spring  
Utah. 
Utah  or  Bear  River  Hot  Springs.  x. 
Colorado. 
Hartsel  Hot  Mineral  Springs  

a.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 

b.  Parts  per   100. 

c.  With  iron  oxid. 


d.  Parts  per  100,000. 

e.  Parts  per  1000. 
f.  Aluminium. 


HO  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ALUMINA    IN   MINERAL  SPRINGS— Continued. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Alumina, 
per  Gallon 

California. 
El  Paso  de  Robles  Hot  Sulphur 
Spring 

Price  and  Hewston 

2  I  O 

Grains. 

2  2  a 

Skagg's  Hot  Springs 

E  W  Hilgard 

211 

Highland  Seltzer  Spring  
Highland  Dutch  Spring  
Highland  Magic  Spring  

Rising 
Rising 
Rising 

212 
212 
212 

i-56 
.  n 
i  7 

Mono  Basin  Warm  Springs  

T.  M   Chatard 

212 

oo  1  8  b 

Summit  Soda  Spring 

J   F   Rudolph 

2  I  A 

Tolenas  Springs 

J   Hewson  Jr 

21  A 

*•  •  1  3 

06 

Washington. 
Medical  Lake  

G.  A.  Mariner 

218 

.yu 
17  e 

Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 


b.  Grams  per  liter. 


The  following  table  reports  data  on  the  occurrence  of  alu- 
minium sulphate  in  mineral  waters  of  the  United  States: 

AMOUNT  OF  ALUMINIUM   SULPHATE   IN  THE  WATER    OF  A 
NUMBER  OF  MINERAL  SPRINGS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  Gallon. 

New  York. 
Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs,  No.  i 

Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs,  No.  i 
Oak  Orchard  acid  water         

Silliman  and 
Norton 
J.  R.  Clinton 
Porter 
H.  Erni 
W.  J.  Craw 

F.  A.  Genth 
F.  A.  Genth 
F.  A.  Genth 
F.  A.  Genth 
S.  A.  Lattimore 

W.  H.  Taylor 
W.  H.  Taylor 
M.  B.  Hardin 
W.  Gilham 
W.  P.  Tonry 
W.  P.  Tonry 
W.  P.  Tonry 

37 

37 
37 
37 
37 

47 

47 
48 

49 
49 

53 
58 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 

Grains. 
21  .69 

9.68 
6  .41 

•37° 
.32  a 

i  .60 

21  .  2O 

i-SS 
6.58 

•55 
29.99 

.02 
24.18 
7.24 

8.18  b 
9.07  b 
3-°4  o 

«           «           «i         << 
Pennsylvania. 
Cresson  Iron  Spring     

Cresson  Alum  Spring  
Kittannin^  Mineral  Spring  

Blossfourg  Spring 

Guylyck  and  Gaylord's  Spring.  .  . 
Virginia. 
Bath  Alum  No  2 

Cave  Springs             

Bedford  Iron  and  Alum  Springs  .  . 
Bedford  Iron  and  Alum  Springs  .  . 
Buffalo  Lithia  No   i        

Buffalo  Lithia,  No.  2  
Buffalo  Lithia  No  4  

a.  Parts  per  1000. 


b.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 


Ill 


ALUMINIUM  SULPHATE  IN   MINERAL  SPRINGS— Continued. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  Gallon. 

Cold  Sulphur  Springs                 .... 

59 
60 

62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 

63 
64 
64 
64 
64 

65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 
65 

66 
66 
66 

66 
67 
67 
68 
68 
68 

72 
73 

83 

83 
83 

83 

Grains. 

•25 
72.93  a 

25-38 

II  .  20 

6.88 
81.05 
26  .  ii 
27-85 
21-59 
•03 
.02 
.06 

31-25 
42  .61 

72.37 
19  .00 
II  .  20 
6.88 
81  .05 
26  .  ii 
27-85 

16.68  a 
16  .69 
*7-95 

38-41 
15.22  b 

34-43 
72  .  10 
137.889  c 
*3-i8 

.02 
n-34 

2.47 

2.38 
•50 

.66 

Church  Hill  Alum  Springs  
Jordan      Alum       Springs     alum 
spring                                  

J.  C.  Booth 

W.  E.  K.  Aiken 
T.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  L.  Campbell 
T.  W.  Mallet 
T.  W.  Mallet 
).  W.  Mallet 
M.  B.  Hardin 
M.  B.  Hardin 
M.  B.  Hardin 
M.  B.  Hardin 
J.  W.  Mallet 
I.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 
J.  W.  Mallet 

J.  L.  Campbell 
D.  K.  Little 
D.  K.  Little 

D.  K.  Little 
J.  W.  Mallet 
W.  Gilham 
J.  L.  Campbell 
C.  F.  Chandler 
W.  Gilham 

W.  B.  Rogers 
Breneman 

W.  J.  Land 

W.  J.  Land 
W.  J.Land 

W.  J.  Land 

Jordan  Alum  Springs   No.  2  

Tordari  Alum  Springs   No    3 

Jordan  Alum  Springs,  No.  4  
Jordan  Alum  Springs,  No.  5  
Jordan  Alum  Springs,  No.  6  
Pulaski  Alum  Spring  
Orkney  Healing  Spring  
Orkney  Powder  Sprin°" 

Orkney  Bear  Wallow  Sprin^      .    . 

Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  i.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  2.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  4.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  4.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  5.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  6.  . 
Rockbrigde  Alum  Spring,  No.  7.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  8.  . 
Rockbridge  Alum  Spring,  No.  9.  . 
Stribling      or       Augusta      Alum 
Spring      

Stribling      or      Augusta      Alum 
Sprin°r  No   4 

Stribling      or      Augusta      Alum 
Spring  No    5                                 .  . 

Stribling      or      Augusta      Alum 
Spring  No   6                         .... 

Seven  Springs,  Abingdon  
Variety  Springs,  Alum  Spring.  .  .  . 
Wallawhatoola  Alum  Springs.  .  .  . 
Wallawhatoola  Alum  Springs.  .  .  . 
Yellow  Sulphur  Springs  

West  Virginia. 

Greenbrier  White  Sulphur  Springs 
(name  unknown)  
Irondale  Springs  

Georgia. 

Catoosa    Spring,    No.  9,    "White 
Sulphur  \  .  
Catoosa    Spring,    No.    10,    "Buf- 
falo"    

Catoosa  Spring,  No.  i,  "All-heal- 
ing" 

Catoosa     Spring,    No.     2,     "Red 
Sweet"  

a.  Bisulphate.                                           b.  Parts  per  100. 
c.  Also  4.201  grains  potassium  and  aluminium  sulphate  and  3.867  grains  sodium  and 
aluminium  sulphate. 

112 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 


ALUMINIUM   SULPHATE  IN  MINERAL  SPRINGS— Continued. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  Gallon. 

Catoosa   Spring,    No.    4,    "Chaly- 
beate"   

W.  J.  Land 

84 

Grains. 
.67 

Catoosa    Spring,     No.     3,     "Cos- 
metic " 

W.  J   Land 

84 

2    36 

Catoosa    Spring,    No.    5,    "Mag- 
nesia " 

W.  J.  Land 

84 

60 

Catoosa    Spring,    No.     6,     "Con- 
°ress  "                                          ... 

W.  J.  Land 

84 

C2 

Catoosa  Spring,  No.  7,  "Alum".  . 
Catoosa    Spring,    No.    8,    "Black 
Sulphur"  
Chalybeate  Springs  

Mississippi, 
Cooper's  Well  

W.  J.  Land 

W.  J.  Land 
W.  J.  Land 

84 

84 

84 

I  .  10 
1.42 

•43 

fi         TO 

Tennessee. 

Raleigh's    Mineral    Springs,    Box 
Spring  
Raleigh's  Mineral  Springs,  Marble 
Sorincr 

Enno  Sander 

97 
I05 

IOC 

•153      <* 

.086  a 

Kentucky. 

Estill     Springs,     Black     Sulphur 
Spring  
Kentucky  Alum  Springs  
Hickman's  Springs,  No.   i,  Alum 
Hickman's  Springs,  No.  2,  Alum 
Hickman's       Springs,       No.       6, 
Sweet 

R.  Peter 
L.  D.  Kastenbine 
R.  Peter 
R.  Peter 

R  Peter 

in 
114 
114 
114 

.02  b 
40.26 
1  •  25  k 
•33  & 

1C  b 

Louisville  Artesian  Well  
Paroquet  Springs                           .    . 

J.   Lawrence  Smith 

IX5 

•  o5  " 
I  .80  C 

Davis  Mineral  Well              .... 

E   S  Wavne 

118 

•4y 
Si    16 

Arkansas. 
Ravenden  Sprin^            

Wright  and 

122 

2.36 

Texas. 

Merrill 

127 

5.40^ 

Sour  Lake  Mineral  Spring,  No.  7 
Sour  Lake  Mineral  Spring,  No.  9 
Weaver  Well 

F.  W.  Mallet 
F.  W.  Mallet 
J.  K.  Wright 

128 
128 
128 

45-52 
31.28 
23.24 

Sour  Springs,  Caldwell  County  .  . 
Ohio. 

Cuyahoga    Lithia    and    Magnesia 
Springs  Bitter  Water 

H.  H.  Dinwiddie 

128 
17? 

100.08  e 
ci  C  .  ci 

Indiana. 
French  Lick  Springs,  Pluto's  Well 

E.  T.  Cox 

138 

5-9»/ 

a.  Grams  per  10,000. 

b.  Grains  per   1000. 

C.  Also  i. 2 1  grains  aluminium  chloride. 


d.  Including  alumina. 

e.  Including  potassium  sulphate. 

f.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  1 13 

ALUMINIUM   SULPHATE  IN  MINERAL  SPRINGS— Continued. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  Gallon. 

Indian  Spring  

E  T  Cox 

I  3O 

Grains. 
QO 

Hosea  Saline  Sulphur  Spring  
West  Baden  Spring,  No.  i  

Missouri. 
Bratton  Spring  

E.  T.  Cox 
E.  T.  Cox 

P  Schweitzer 

J39 
141 

168 

11.67  a 

5.41  a 

r  2     AC   b 

Moresville  Mineral  Springs  
Nevada. 
Hot  Springs  at  Hot  Springs  Sta- 
tion   

Wright  and  Merrill 
T  M  Chatard 

169 

202 

5.20 

0063  c 

California. 
Thermal  Acid  Spring  

O.  Loew 

210 

127  .00  d 

a.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 

b.  Tersulphate. 


c.  Grams  per  liter. 

d.  Persulphate,  parts  per  100,000. 


The  table  following  reports  the   occurrence   of  aluminium 
phosphate  in  the  mineral  waters  of  the  United  States: 

AMOUNT  OF  ALUMINIUM    PHOSPHATE  IN  MINERAL  WATERS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Phosphate 
per  Gallon. 

Virginia. 
Alleghany  Springs 

F.  A.  Genth 

58 

Grains. 
.CK  a 

Bath  Alum   No   3                     

Hayes 

58 

3  , 
3.156 

Wolf  Trap  Lithia  Springs  

M.  B.  Hardin 

68 

.04 

West  Virginia. 
Borland  Mineral  Well            

T.  G.  Wormley 

71 

•  23 

Hart  Well                       

S.  C.  Wells 

73 

•  23 

Michigan. 
Midland  Magnetic  Well         

S.  P.  Duffield 

148 

i  .73  c 

Wisconsin. 
Sparta  Mineral  Magnetic  Well.  .  .  . 

J.  M.  Hirsh 

156 

.06  c 

a.  Also  aluminium  silicate.      Seep.  114.  b.  Also  alumina.      See  p.  106. 

c.  Grains  per  imperial  gallon. 

Several  authors  report  the  occurrence  of  aluminium  silicate. 
Such  data  are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 


U4 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 


AMOUNT  OF  ALUMINIUM  SILICATE  IN  MINERAL  WATERS  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Name  of  Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

Aluminium 
Silicates 
per  Gallon. 

Virginia. 
Allegheny  Springs 

F  A  Genth 

s8 

Grains. 
2  1  a 

Alabama. 
Cullum's  Ferruginous  Spring.  .  .  . 

Abequin 

3° 
02 

3-2  2O 

Illinois. 
Perry     Spring,     No.     3,     Lower 
Sulphur                              .... 

H.  Engelman 

144- 

2  7 

Also  aluminium   phosphate.     Seep.  113. 

In  addition  to  the  above  it  should  be  noted  that  an  analysis 
quoted  by  Dr.  Peale  (p.  133)  reports  in  Cuyahoga  Lithia  and 
Magnesia  Springs,  Lithia  Well,  Ohio,  17.67  aluminium  chloride 
(grains  per  gallon) . 

Pettenkofer  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  77,  p.  183;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1851,  p.  653)  in  the  Adelheid  spring  at  Heilbrunnr 
Bavaria,  reports  0.1424  grain  alumina  per  pound  (7680  grains). 

Philippi  (Jahrb.  Vereins  Naturk.  Nassau,  Pt.  8,  1852, 
p.  90;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1853,  p.  12;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1852, 
p.  753)  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  Wiesbaden  Faulbrunnen. 

Phillips,  J.  A.  (Chem.  News,  27,  p.  62;  Proc.  Roy.  Soc. 
London,  21,  p.  132;  Phil.  Mag.,  4th  ser.,  46,  p.  26;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1243),  reports  in  two  analyses  of  a 
saline  spring  at  Camborne,  Cornwall,  0.3456  and  0.3460  gram 
alumina  per  liter. 

Pistor,  C.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesell.,  17  (1884),  p.  2894; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1884,  p.  2033),  reports  0.0450  gm.  A12O3  per 
1000  cc.  in  Romerbrunnen  from  Echzell  in  Wetterau. 

Planta  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  115,  p.  330;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1860,  p.  1010;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  837)  notes  0.00004  g^n. 
aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  gms.  in  the  medicinal  spring 
at  Bormio,  Italy. 

Planta  and  Kekul6  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  87,  p.  364;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1854,  p-  59;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  713)  found  in 
sulphur- water  from  Serneus,  Switzerland,  Canton  Graubiinden, 
0.0012  part  alumina  per  1000  parts. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Planta  and  Kekule*  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  90,  p.  316;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1854,  p.  642;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  63,  p.  61;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1854,  p.  763)  examined  the  mineral  waters  of  St.  Moritz, 
Canton  Graubiinden,  Switzerland,  finding  alumina  as  follows: 
Large  (old)  spring  0.0003  and  Small  (new)  spring  0.0004  (pans 
per  1000). 

Planta-Reichenau,  A.  v.  (Die  Heilquellen  von  Alveneu, 
Tiefenkasten,  Solis  in  Graubiinden,  etc.,  1865;  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.,  136,  p.  145;  Jahresber.  Chem.  1865,  p.  935),  notes 
0.0047  part  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  parts  in  the  sul- 
phur spring  at  Alveneu  and  0.0068  part  in  the  Donatusquelle 
in  Albulathale.  A  trace  of  alumina  is  noted  also  in  St.  Peters- 
quelle  at  Tiefenkasten. 

Planta-Reichenau,  A.  v.  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  155,  p.  161; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1870,  p.  581;  Amer.  Chemist,  2d  ser.,  i,  p.  228; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1383),  reports  0.0091  part 
aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  the  Ragaz-Pfaffers 
thermal  spring. 

Planta-Reichenau,  A.  v.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesell.  (1878), 
p.  1793;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1 878,  p.  1306;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London, 
1879,  II,  p.  126),  reports  0.074,  0.068,  and  0.013  part  aluminium 
phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  Natural  Soda-water  from  Passug, 
Iodine  Donatus  from  Solis,  and  in  St.  Petersquelle  from 
Tiefenkasten,  respectively. 

Plumert,  A.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1884,  p.  423  (Ausz.);  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1884,  p.  2037),  reports  0.206  part  aluminium  sulphate 
per  10,000  parts  in  the  thermal  sulphur-spring  water  from  Tsche- 
hirghe,  and  0.918  part  aluminium  sulphate  per  10,000  parts  in 
similar  water  from  Bad  Jeni-Kaplidja,  both  in  Anatolia. 

Poggiale  and  Lambert  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris, 
54,  p.  1062;  Jour.  Pharm.,  41,  p.  337;  Instit.,  1862,  p.  172; 
R£p.  Chim.  Applique'e,  4,  p.  214;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  817) 
report  o.ooi  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  gms.  in  warm  water  from  an 
artesian  well  at  Passy,  France. 

Pohl,  J.  J.  (Wien.  Acad.  Ber.,  15,  p.  303;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1855,  p.  842),  found  traces  of  alumina  in  a  spring- water  from 
Vienna  (Josef stadt). 

Poleck,  T.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  52,  p.  353;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
.1851,  p.  540;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  654),  notes  0.00960  grain 


1 1 6  A  L  V 'MINIUM  IN  NA  T  URA  L    WA  TERS. 

aluminium  phosphate  per  pound  (7680  grains)  in  mineral  water 
from  Nieder-Langenau,  and  also  reports  an  analysis  by  Duflos 
of  the  same  water  in  which  the  occurrence  of  a  trace  of  alu- 
minium phosphate  is  noted. 

Poleck,  T.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1879,  P-  1902; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1879,  p.  1263),  reports  0.0087  £m-  A12P2O8  per 
10,000  cc.  in  the  Oberbrunnen  at  Flinsberg,  Silesia. 

Poleck,  T.  (Kronenquelle  zu  Salzbrunn,  Breslau,  1882; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1884,  p.  2034),  notes  0.00047  A12O3  and  0.00036 
part  A12P2O8  per  1000  parts  in  the  Kronenquelle  at  Salzbrunn. 

Poumarede  (Rev.  Sci.  Ind.,  38,  p.  21;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1850,  p.  627)  reports  0.028  gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in  mineral 
water  from  Vilaine-Saint-Aubin,  Dept.  Loiret. 

Power,  F.  B.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  19,  p.  223;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  36  (1879),  II,  p.  698),  notes  0.0019  A1203 
part  per  10,000  parts  in  mineral  water  of  Rosheim,  Alsace. 

Pozziale  (Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  24,  p,  277;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1853,  p.  716)  notes  0.006  gm.  alumina  per  1000  gm.  in  mineral 
water  from  Orezza  in  Corsica. 

Pozziale  (Jour.  Chim.  Med.,  3d  ser.,  9,  p.  81;  Jour.  Pharm., 
3d  ser.,  23,  p.  114;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  718)  found  0.0150 
and  o.o 1 8  part  alumina  per  1000  parts  in  Bullicame  sulphur- 
water  and  the  iron-water,  respectively,  from  Viterbo. 

Pribram,  R.  (Chem.  Untersuchung  der  Arsenquelle  zu 
Dorna-Sara  Czernowitz;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1885,  p.  2318),  notes 
0.00112  part  A12O3  per  1000  in  the  Roumanian  arsenic  spring 
at  Dorna-Sara. 

v.  Radziszewski  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  13  (1878),  p.  459; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1879,  p.  1265)  notes  a  trace  of  aluminium  in 
Carlsquelle  and  Ameliaquelle  water  from  Iwoniez,  Austria- 
Hungary. 

Rasenack,  P.  (Arbt.  K.  Gsndhtsamt.,  5,  p.  370;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1889,  II,  p.  166;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1889,  p.  2632), 
notes  a  trace  of  aluminium  in  mineral  water  from  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bimbia,  Africa. 

Reade,  T.  M.  (Silliman's  Amer.  Jour.,  3d  ser.,  29,  p.  290; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1885,  p.  2315),  reports  analysis  of  river-water. 
Mississippi  water  contained  3.13  parts  A12O3  per  100,000  (1.753 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  1 17 

grains  per  gallon) ;  Amazon  River  water,  0.38  part  A12O3 
(with  Fe2O3)  per  100,000. 

Reibenschuh,  A.  F.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  62,  2.  Abt., 
p.  786;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  Naumann,  1870,  p.  1385),  notes 
in  water  from  the  Johannis  spring  which  is  near  Stainz  in 
Steiermark  0.0269  Part  aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000 
parts. 

Reibenschuh,  A.  F.  (Mitt.  Ver.  Steiermark,  30  (1894),  p. 
358;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  435),  in 
water  from  the  Radein  (Styria)  Sauerbrunnen  found  0.0092 
part  A12O3  per  10,000  parts. 

Reibenschuh,  A.  F.  (Mitt.  Ver.  Steiermark,  29  (1893),  p.  262; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  70  (1896),  II,  p.  435),  notes  0.05371 
part  A12O3  per  10,000  parts  in  water  from  the  Semlitsch  spring 
at  Radein. 

Reibenschuh,  A.  F.  (Mitt.  Ver.  Steiermark,  34  (1898),  p. 
177;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  76  (1899),  II,  p.  308),  notes 
in  water  from  the  Neubrunnen  at  Radein,  Styria,  0.10191  gm. 
A12O3  per  10,000  gms. 

Reichardt,  E.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  2  (1873),  p.  124; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  Naumann,  1873,  p.  1237),  reports  in  Neue 
Stahlquelle  from  Lobenstein,  Agnesquelle  from  Lobenstein,  and 
spring-water  from  Steben,  respectively,  0.00397,  0.00122,  and 
0.00386  part  alumina  per  1000  parts. 

Reichardt,  E.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  16  (1880),  p.  208; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  40  (1881),  p.  29),  in  the  water  of 
the  Grossliider  mineral  spring  at  Salzschlirf  reports  0.0045  S111- 
A12O3  per  1000  gms. 

Reiner,  M.  (Wien.  Akad.  Ber.,  56,  2.  Abt.,  p.  456;  Wiener 
Akad.  Anz.,  1867,  p.  178;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  102,  p.  58; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1868,  p.  384;  Inst.,  1868,  p.  30;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1867,  p.  1038),  reports  0.088  part  aluminium  phosphate  per 
10,000  parts  in  the  Wiener-Neustadt  Sauerbrunn. 

Reinsch  (Jahrb.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  21,  pt.  3;  Arch.  Pharm., 
2d  ser.,  67  (1851),  p.  47;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  666)  notes 
0.009457  gm.  aluminium  chloride  per  1000  cc.  in  mineral  water 
from  Sulz  (Alsace). 

Riggs,  R.  B.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  42,  p.  147),  reports 
analysis  of  two  springs  one  mile  from  Farm  well  Station,  Lou- 


1 1 8        AL  U MINIUM  IN  NA  TURAL  IV A  TERS. 

doun    County,    Virginia.     Spring    A    contained    0.0070     and 
Spring  B,  0.0105  gm-  A12O3  per  liter. 

Riggs,  R.  B.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  42,  p.  148),  in  water 
from  Beck's  Hot  Springs,  near  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  reports 
0.0090  gm.  A12O3  per  liter. 

Riggs,  R.  B.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  55,  p.  91),  in  artesian- 
well  water  from  Albany,  Georgia,  and  Fitzpatrick,  Alabama, 
reports  181.0  and  271.0  parts  total  solids  per  million,  i.o  and  2.4 
being  A12O3.  In  similar  wells  at  Smithville,  Americus,  and 
Montezuma,  Ga.,  he  reports  traces  of  A12O3. 

Rivier  and  Fellenberg  (Arch.  Phil.  Natur.,  21,  p.  59;  Jah- 
resb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  714)  note  a  trace  of  alumina  in  mineral 
water  from  Saxon  (Canton  Wallis),  Switzerland.  It  is  stated 
that  Morin  (Arch.  Phil.  Nat.,  22,  p.  52;  Jour.  Pharm.,  3d  ser., 
23,  p.  188;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  58,  p.  483;  Pharm.  Centbl., 
l853>  P-  3255  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  714)  found  0.0005  Part 
alumina  per  1000  parts  in  the  same  water.  Heidepriem  and 
Poselger  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  58,  p.  473;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1853, 
p.  324;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1853,  p.  714)  also  note  a  trace  of 
alumina  in  this  water,  as  did  Braun  in  two  analyses  reported  by 
Rivier  and  Fellenberg  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  59,  p.  303;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1853,  p.  715). 

Robinson,  A.  E.,  and  C.  F.  Mabery  (Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc. 
18  (1896),  p.  915;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  72  (1897),  II,  p. 
510),  report  in  bittern  water  from  a  boring  2667  feet  deep  at 
Conneautsville,  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania,  31.1  parts 
A1C13  per  100,000. 

Roux  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  73,  p.  910;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  24  (1871),  p.  n8i)2  reports  0.00720  gm. 
aluminium  silicate  per  liter  in  the  water  of  an  artesian  well 
at  Rochefort. 

Rupp,  G.  (Ztschr.  Ang.  Chem.,  1891,  p.  448;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1891,  p.  2618),  in  a  steel  spring  at  Bad  Griesbach  found  0.003 
gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc. 

Russell,  I.  C.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  108,  p.  93,,  notes 
that  T.  M.  Chatard  found  in  Owens  Lake  (California)  0.023 
part  A12O3  per  1000  parts. 

Russell,  I.  C.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  52,  p.  38),  quotes  an 
analysis  of  James  River,  Va.,  water  reported  by  W.  H.  Taylor 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  IIQ 

(An.  Rpt.,  Richmond  (Va.)  Board  of  Health,  1876).  The 
.account  of  AL,O3  noted  is  0.00041  part  per  1000  parts. 

Russell,  I.  C.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mon.  n,  Tables,  p.  176), 
quotes  a  number  of  analyses  of  American  rivers,  inclosed  lakes 
and  springs.  Some  of  these  have  been  noted  already  from 
other  publications.  Others  follow,  the  values  given  in  every 
case  representing  parts  per  1000.  Hydrant  (river)  water 
from  Los  Angeles,  California,  according  to  W.  J.  Jones  (Rpt. 
Cal.  State  Board  Health,  1878)  contains  0.00171  part  A12O3  and 
hydrant  (river)  water  from  Sacramento,  California,  0.00120  part 
A12O3.  E.  R.  Horsford  (Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  703)  notes 
0.01342  part  A12O3  in  Pasaic  River  water  taken  four  miles  above 
Newark.  T.  M.  Chatard  reports  0.0013  A12O3  in  Humboldt 
River  water  taken  at  Battle  Mountain,  Nevada  (see  also  Mon. 
n,  p.  41). 

Of  the  analyses  of  American  springs,,  two,  which  should  be 
noted,  contained  alumina.  These  are  the  following:  artesian 
well,  "Glacier  Spouting  Spring,"  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  analyzed 
by  F.  A.  Cairns  and  C.  F.  Chandler  (Amer.  Chemist,  1872, 
Nov.,  p.  164),  containing  0.00770  part  A12O3,  and  artesian 
well,  Sheboygan,  Wis.,  analyzed  by  C.  F.  Chandler  (Amer. 
Chemist,  1876,  p.  370),  containing  0.0022  part  per  1000  parts 
in  both  cases. 

Russell  states  also  that  O.  Loew  (Ann.  Rpt.  Chief  En- 
gineers, 1876,  Appendix  JJ,  p.  410)  reports  an  analysis  of 
the  water  of  Owens  Lake,  California,  noting  a  trace  of  alu- 
minium. 

According  to  data  quoted  by  Russell  (loc.  cit.)  Terreil 
(Larted,  Geological  Explorations  of  Dead  Sea,  p.  278)  found 
that  the  Dead  Sea  water  contains  traces  of  alumina. 

Say,  M.  (Wien.  Acad.  Ber.,  13,  pp.  298  and  457;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  1854,  p.  923;  Jahresb.  Chem  ,  1854,  p.  771),  reports 
(grams  per  1000  gms.)  in  Hildegarde  spring-water  from  Of  en 
0.047,  and  in  mineral  water  from  Lippa  0.0157,  both  towns 
in  Hungary. 

Scherer  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  99,  p.  257;  Vierteljahressch. 
Prakt.  Pharm.,  6,  p.  81;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  70,  p.  151;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1856,  p.  810;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1856,  p.  767)  found 
c.0002  gm.  alumina  per  1000  cc.  in  Wernarzer  mineral  water, 


120  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

and  a  trace  in  the  sweet  potable  water  near  the    Sinnberger- 
quelle,  both  waters  from  Bruckenau,   Germany. 

Scherer  (Neue.  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  7,  p.  309;    Tahresb.  Chem. 
1857,  p.  721)  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  saline  water  from 
Philippsquelle  at  Orb,  Germany. 

Scherfel,  A.  (Ungar.  Naturw.  Ber.,  i,  p.  195;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1886,  p.  2321),  notes  0.002349  part  A1P04  and  0.019317 
part  A12O3  per  1000  parts  in  water  from  a  spring  at  Kirchdrauf 
in  der  Zips,  Szepesvaralja,  Hungary. 

Scherfel,  A.  (Ungar.  Naturw.  Ber.,  i,  p.  230;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1886,  p.  2322),  notes  0.014722  part  A1PO4  and  0.017778 
part  Al2O3per  10,000  parts  in  mineral  water  from  Czemete  near 
Eperies,  Hungary. 

Schmidt,  C.  (Arch.  Naturk.  Liv.  Esth.  Kurlands.,  ist  ser., 
i,  p.  293;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854,  p.  771),  notes  a  trace  of  alumina 
in  the  bored  saline-spring  water  from  Staraja-Russa,  Russia. 

Schmidt,  C.  (Melanges  Phys.  et.  Chim.  tirees  Bui.  Akad. 
Imp.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg  7,  p.  427;  Petersburg  Acad.  Bui.  12, 
p.  i;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1867,  p.  1042),  notes  0.021  part  alu- 
mina per  10,000  parts  in  iron  water  from  Stolypin,  Russia. 
Alumina  was  not  noted  in  the  deposit  from  the  water. 

Schneider,  F.  C.  (Wiener.  Akad.  Ber.,  2.  Abt.,  69,  p.  55; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1874,  p.  1330),  reports  o.oio,  0.006,  0.015, 
and  o.on  part  alumina  per  10,000  parts,  respectively,  in  four 
St.  Helena  thermal  springs  at  Battaglia,  Italy. 

Schrockinger  (Verhandl.  Geol.  Reichsans.,  1878,  p.  89; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1878,  p.  1301),  reports  0.0044  part  aluminium 
phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  water  from  a  bored  well  127 
meters  deep,  near  Briix,  Bohemia.  The  analysis  was  made  by 
Gintl. 

Schoeller,  R.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  20  (1887),  p. 
1784;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1887,  p.  2537),  reports  analyses  of 
streams  affecting  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  water.  That  designated 
Uruguay  water  contained  0.0018  gm.  alumina  per  1000  gm. 

Schwarz,  E.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  55,  2.  Abt.,  p.  35;  Wiener 
Akad.  Anz.,  1867,  p.  7;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1867,  p.  558,  Inst., 
1867,  p.  151;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1867,  p.  1037),  notes  0.007  part 
aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  mineral  water  from 
Modling  near  Vienna. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  121 

Schweissinger  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1890,  I,  p.  875;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1890,  p.  2662)  notes  a  trace  of  alumina  in  the  Bad 
Marienborn  iron-sulphur  water. 

Shepard,  C.  U.  (Silliman's  Amer  Jour.,  26.  ser.,  47,  p.  357; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1869,  p.  1293),  reports  0.0000093  Part  calcium, 
iron,  and  aluminium  phosphate  per  100  parts  in  artesian  water 
from  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Siegmund,  H.,  and  P.  Juhasz  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  54, 
2.  Abt.,  p.  216;  Wiener  Akad.  Anz.,  1866,  p.  162;  Inst.,  1866, 
p.  400;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1866,  p.  996)  found  0.002  part  alumi- 
nium phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  the  Voslau  mineral 
water. 

Simmler,  T.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  71,  p.  i;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1857,  p.  498;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  723),  found  0.0046  gm. 
alumina  with  phosphoric  acid  per  1000  gm.  in  sulphur-water 
from  Stachelberg,  Canton  Glarus,  Switzerland. 

Smith  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  15  (1862),  p.  57;  Jour. 
Prakt.  Chem.,  89,  p.  186;  Chem.  News,  5,  p.  96;  Rep.  Chim. 
Appliquee,  4,  p.  216;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  822)  found  in 
the  water  of  the  Te  Tarata  hot  spring  on  the  coast  of 
Rotomahana,  north  New  Zealand,  0.32  grain  alumina  per 
gallon. 

Smith  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  89  (1863),  p.  186;  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey  Rpt.  9,  p.  655)  notes  0.005  £m-  alumina  per  kilogram 
in  White  Terrace  Geyser  water  from  New  Zealand. 

Smith,  L.  (Silliman's  Amer.  Jour.,  2d  ser.,  12,  p.  10;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1851,  p.  668),  reports  aluminium  sulphate  in 
mineral  water  from  Brusa  (Asia  Minor)  as  follows:  Kukurtlu 
0.0043  and  Bademli  Baghtsche  0.0020  gm.  per  1000  cc.,  and 
Gueuzayasma  a  trace.  He  reports  further  (Silliman's  Amer. 
Jour.,  2d  ser.,  12,  p.  366;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  55,  p.  no;  Jah- 
resb. Chem.,  1851,  p.  668)  a  trace  of  aluminium  sulphate  in  the 
Yalova  hot  spring,  and  0.0221  gm.  aluminium  sulphate  per 
1000  cc.  in  the  Touzla  Spring  water. 

Smoot,  L.  E.  (Amer.  Chem.  Jour.,  19  (1897),  p.  234; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  72  (1897),  II,  p.  329),  notes  0.891 
gm.  A12O3  per  liter  in  an  alum-water  from  Lee  County, 
Virginia. 

Soubeiran,  E.   (Jour.   Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  32,  p.   19;    Jahresb. 


122  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Chem.,  1857,  p.  726),  found  0.054  gm.  alumina  and  silica  per 
1000  cc.  in  Vic-sur-Cere  mineral  water,  Cantal,  France. 

Spath,  E.  (Chem.  Centbl.,  1889,  II,  p.  896;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1889,  p.  2636),  notes  traces  of  A1/)3,P2O5  in  Temple  and  Wiesen 
Spring  water  from  Bad  Steben  at  Oberfranken. 

Spengler  quotes  F.  Mohr's  analysis  of  the  Felsenquelle  of 
Ems  (Arch.  Balneologie,  3  (1864),  p.  136;  Viertelj.  Prakt. 
Pharm.,  14,  p.  234;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1865,  p.  608;  Jahresber. 
Chem.,  1865,  p.  931).  A  pound  (7680  grains)  contained  0.0960 
grain  alumina. 

Spica,  P.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  12  (1882),  p.  555;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1882,  p.  1623),  noted  traces  of  A12O3  in  two  samples 
of  water  from  Lake  Derkol  near  Constantinople. 

Spica,  P.  (Gaz.  Chim.  Ital.,  22  (1892),  I,  p.  354;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1892,  p.  2686),  notes  0.001999  gm.  aluminium  phosphate 
per  1000  cc.  in  mineral  water  from  Burge  Malo. 

Spurr,  J.  E.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Mon.  31,  p.  212),  quotes 
an  analysis  by  C.  F.  Chandler  of  water  from  Yampa  Spring, 
Glenwood  Springs,  Colorado.  This  contained  a  trace  of  alumina. 

Stackmann,  A.  (Russ.  Ztschr.  Pharm.,  24,  pp.  129,  145,  161, 
209,  225,  273,  289,  321,  337;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1885,  p.  2319), 
reports  analyses  of  mineral  water  from  Psekoup  or  Gorjatschy 
Kljutsch.  Data  are  quoted  for  (i)  Alexanderquelle,  (2)  Olga- 
quelle,  (3)  Marienquelle,  (4)  Karmalinquelle,  (5)  Michail- 
quelle,  (6)  Kamenewquelle,  (7)  Sudliche  Drainagequelle,  (8) 
spring  without  particular  name,  and  (9)  mixture  of  above 
eight  waters.  These  contained  respectively  o.ooio,  0.0005 
0.0005,  0.0005,  0.0007,  0.0009,  o.ooio,  0.0005,  and  0.0012 
A12O3  (presumably  grams  per  1000  cc.).  The  author  also 
reports  0.0050  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc.  in  a  sulphur  spring 
and  0.0390  gm.  A12O3  per  1000  cc.  in  a  saline  spring  analyzed 
by  him. 

Steiger,  G.  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui.  113,  p.  113),  in  water 
from  American  Carlsbad  Spring,  Nashville,  Illinois,  found  3.60 
parts  A12O3  per  1,000,000. 

Stein,  W.  (Schmidt's  Jahrb  Ges.  Med..  70.  p  142;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1851,  p.  654),  notes  traces  of  alumina  in  the  medicinal 
waters  of  Elster.  Saxony,  as  follows:  Gasquelle,  Salzquelle  or 
Augenquelle,  and  Trinkquelle  or  Stahlbrunnen. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  123 

Steinbrtick  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  145  (1871),  p.  97;  Jah- 
resb.  Chem.,  1871,  p.  1228)  reports  0.0212  and  0.0134  gm.  A12O3 
per  liter  in  two  springs  at  Neuragoczi  near  Halle. 

Stieren,  E.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  10,  p.  365; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  1112),  notes  0.040830  part  alumina 
per  1000  parts  in  artesian  water  from  Peterson's  saline  water, 
Tarentum,  Pennsylvania. 

Strecker,  A.  and  H.  (Chem.  Lab.  Univ.  Christiana,  1854, 
p.  67,  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  95,  p.  177;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854, 
p.  770),  in  the  sulphur-water  of  Sandefjord  found  0.0068  part 
alumina  per  1000  parts,  and  0.0033  parts  in  near-by  sea- 
water. 

Streit,  S.,  and  W.  Holecek  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber:,  53,  2.  Abt., 
p.  371;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1866,  p.  995)  note  0.021  and  0.0067 
part  aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  parts,  respectively,  in 
Toplitz  and  Someraubad  mineral  water  from  Mahren. 

Thresh,  j.  C.  (Chem.  News,  46,  p.  226;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1882,  p.  1635),  found  10.416  gms.  A12S3O12  and  0.065  gm- 
A1PO4  per  10,000  cc.  in  the  Orchard  Alum  Spring  water, 
England. 

Thresh,  J.  C.  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  41  (1882),  p.  117), 
in  Buxton  thermal  water  reports  0.000683  Al2O3.Ca3(PO4)2 
per  10,000  gms.  He  notes  that  in  1852  Playfair  reported 
0.034  part  Al2O3.Fe2O3  per  10,000  parts  in  the  same  water. 

Thorner,  W.  (Repert.  Analyt.  Chem.,  3,  p.  22;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1883,  p.  1944),  reports  in  a  bored  well  (Soolquelle)  at 
Melle,  Germany,  0.000102  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts. 

Thorner,  W.  (Ztschr.  Angew.  Chem.,  1889,  p.  309;  Jahresb. 
Chem..  1889,  p.  2631),  reports  0.0020  gm.  alumina  per  1000 
cc.  in  water  from  the  Germania  Spring  at  Schwalheim, 
Germany. 

Thorner,  W.  (Chem.  Ztg.,  17,  p.  1411;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  66  (1894),  II,  p.  195),  reports  A12O3  as  follows  in 
some  German  mineral-spring  waters:  Stahl  0.0132,  Angelika 
at  Tonnisstein  0.0056,  Wilhelms  0.0679,  New  Spring  at 
Melle  0.0045,  and  Sulphur  Spring  at  Levern  0.0020  gm.  per 
liter. 

Thorpe,  T.  E.  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  65  (1894),  p.  772), 
reported  analyses  of  a  number  of  mineral  waters  from  Chelten- 


124  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

ham,  England.  The  Chadnor  Villa  well  contained  0.00015 
part  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  parts,  and  the  Lansdowne 
well  and  the  Pittville  wells,  Nos.  i,  2,  and  3,  each  traces. 

Tissandier,  G.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  80,  p.  58; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1875,  P-  I284),  reports  a  trace  of  A12O3  in 
melted  snow  collected  in  Paris  and  in  the  country. 

Tournaire  (Ann.  Minn.,  5th  ser.,  17,  p.  65;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1860,  p.  841),  reported  0.165  £m-  Al2O3.SiO2  in  mineral  water 
from  Roddes  (France),  near  Ambert. 

Tournaire  (Ann.  Minn.,  5th  ser.,  17,  p.  66;  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1860,  p.  841)  found  0.055  gm-  Al2O3.Si03  per  1000  cc.  in  a 
mineral  water  from  Ceyssat,  Dept.  Puy-de-D6me,  France. 

Treadwell,  F.  P.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  231  (1893),  p.  579;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  66  (1894),  II,  p.  323),  in  the  upper  spring  of 
Gyrenbad,  Canton  Zurich,  found  0.000200  part  A1PO4  per  10,000 
parts. 

Trillion,  H.  (Chem.  Ztg.  II.  Rept.,  p.  211;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1887,  p.  1239;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1887,  p.  2534),  notes  0.00109 
gm.  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  gms.  in  the  sulphur-water 
of  Bad  Wemding  at  Ries. 

Trillich,  H.  (Chemische  Analyse  des  Hauptbrunnens  zu 
Munster  a.  Stein,  Munich;  Chem.  Centbl.,  1889,  II,  p.  896; 
Ausz.;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1889,  p.  2631),  notes  0.00168  part  A12O3 
per  1000  parts  in  water  from  the  Hauptbrunnen  at  Munster, 
Germany. 

Tschermak  (Jahrb.  K.  K.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  1858,  p.  297; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  796)  found  0.0092  part  aluminium 
phosphate  per  1000  parts  in  mineral  water  from  Kondran  near 
Regensburg,  Germany. 

Tschermak,  T.  (Min.  Petr.  Mitth.,  2d  ser.,  3,  p.  315; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1880,  p.  1528),  quotes  analyses  made  by 
P.  Schnell  and  Stenner  in  1855  of  water  from  an  iron  spring 
at  Slanik,  Roumania.  This  contained  o.o^  gm.  A12O3  per 
10,000  gms. 

Turner,  T.  (Chem.  News,  49,  p.  186;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1884, 
p.  2036),  reports  0.0740  gm.  A12O3  (with  some  Fe2O3)  per  1000 
cc.  in  water  from  the  salt  wells  of  Dudley,  England. 

Valentiner,  W.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  99,  p.  91;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1866,  p.  994),  in  Oberbrunnen  and  Miihlbrunnen 


ALUMINIUM  IN  N 'A  7 'URAL    WATERS.  12$ 

mineral  waters  from  Ober-Salzbrunn  reports  per  1000  parts, 
0.005  and  0.0003  Part  aluminium  with  phosphoric  acid, 
respectively. 

Vierthaler,  A.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  56,  2.  Abt.,  p.  463; 
Wiener  Akad.  Anz.,  1867,  p.  220;  Jour.  Pharm.  Chem.,  102, 
p.  381;  Jahrb.  Chem.,  1867,  p.  1040),  reports  traces  of  alu- 
mina in  the  Cattani  No.  2  and  San  Francesco  springs  of 
Spalato. 

Vohl,  H.  (Dingler's  Polytech.  Jour.,  199,  p.  311;  Chem. 
Centbl.,  1871,  p.  269;  Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  146  (1871), 
p.  199;  Jahresber.  Chem.,  1871,  p.  1223),  reports  0.0008  gm. 
Al2O3per  10,000  cc.  in  one  sample  and  o.oio  gm.  in  five  samples 
of  Rhine  water  taken  under  different  circumstances  near 
Cologne. 

Vohl,  H.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1875,  P-  611;  Arch. 
Pharm.,  3d  ser.,  7,  p.  134  (see  under  R.  Bender);  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1875,  p.  1290),  notes  0.0556  gm.  alumina  per  10,000 
cc.  in  Birresborn  mineral  water. 

Vohl,  H.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  1876,  p.  20;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1876,  p.  1298),  reports  0.3925  gm.  alumina  per  10,000 
cc.  in  Birresborn  mineral  water  taken  after  the  spring  had 
been  cleaned. 

Vohl,  H.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch.,  n  (1878),  pp.  605, 
877:  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1878,  p.  1299;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London, 
34  (1878),  II,  p.  714),  notes  in  Gerolsteiner  Schlossbrunnen, 
located  near  Pelm,  Germany,  0.0002  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts, 
and  in  Birresborn  spring-water  from  the  same  locality  traces 
of  alumina. 

Vohl,  H.  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesell.,  n  (1878),  p.  1678; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1878,  p.  1304),  reports  0.3067  part  A12O3  per 
10,000  parts  in  Ofener  Rakoczy  Bitterwasser.  He  quotes  C.  R.  C. 
Tichborn's  analysis,  which  gave  0.27  part  A12O3  per  10,000 
parts,  and  J.  Molnar's,  which  gave  0.4840  part  A12O3  per 
10,000  parts.  The  water  varies  in  composition  at  different 
seasons,  etc. 

von  der  Marck,  W.  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  102  (1860),  p.  i; 
Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  9,  p.  161;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1860,  p  485;  Ztschr.  Chem.  Pharm.,  1860,  p.  170;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1860,  p.  831),  reports  0.00676  gm.  alumina  per  1000 


126  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS 

in  the  Stahlbrunnen,  one  of  the  Hermannsborn  mineral  springs 
near  Pombsen,  Germany. 

Wait,  F.  G.  (Rpt.  Section  of  Chem.  and  Mineral.,  Geol. 
Survey  Canada,  1898,  p.  48  R),  reports  0.345  part  alumina 
per  1000  in  the  filtered  water  from  Lake  Goodenough,  a  soda 
lake  in  British  Columbia.  It  was  calculated  that  this  repre- 
sented 0.825  part  aluminium  phosphate  or  64.016  grains  per 
imperial  gallon. 

Wait  (Geol.  Survey  Canada,  Chem.  Contributions,  1892-93, 
p.  78  R)  notes  0.0002  part  alumina  with  a  little  ferrous  oxide 
per  1000  parts  in  water  from  a  bored  well  1943  feet  deep  near 
Deloraine,  Manitoba. 

Wallace  (Analyst,  1880,  p.  79;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1880, 
p.  1535)  notes  8.0  parts  A12O3  per  1,000,000  in  an  English 
artesian  water. 

Wallace  (Rept.  British  Assoc.,  1862,  Notices  and  Abstracts, 
p.  94;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  818)  found  alumina  and  phos- 
phate as  follows:  Loch  Katrine  water  (thirty-five  miles  from 
Glasgow)  o.io,  and  the  same  water  at  Glasgow  0.16  grain  per 
gallon. 

Walton,  G.  E.,  in  his  volume  on  mineral  waters  of  this 
country  and  Canada  (The  Mineral  Springs  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  New  York,  1883)  quotes  a  number  of 
analyses  in  which  alumina  was  reported.  Such  data  (unless 
noted  from  other  sources)  are  included  in  the  table  on  the 
next  page. 

Walz,  G.  F.  (Neue.  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  6,  p.  265;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1856,  p.  769),  found  o.ooio  gm.  alumina  per  1000  gm. 
in  sulphur-spring  water  from  Weisloch,  Baden,  the  sample 
being  taken  at  the  spring-house.  In  a  sample  taken  after 
flowing  one-eighth  mile  through  a  pipe  the  water  contained 
0.0009  gm.  alumina  per  1000  gms. 

Wandesleben  (Neue  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  3,  p.  123;  Pharm. 
Centbl.,  18^5,  p.  361;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1855,  p.  840)  notes 
0.0013  gm.  alumina  per  1000  gms.  in  Oestringer  sulphur-water 
from  Langenbriicken,  Baden. 

Weed,  W.  H.,  and  L.  V.  Pirsson  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bui. 
139,  p.  150)  quote  an  analysis  of  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
Montana,  which  records  a  trace  of  alumina. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  12/ 

MINERAL  WATERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES    AND  CANADA. 


Spring. 

Analyst. 

Page. 

A12O3 
per  Pint. 

Aluminium 
Sulphate 
per  Pint. 

California  Seltzers  Spring  
Versailles,  111.,  Curry  Spring.  .  . 
Caledonia,  Ontario,  Gas  Spring 
Caledonia,      Ontario,       Saline 
Sorinsf 

H.  G.  Hanks 
J.  V.  Z.  Blaney 
T.  Sterry  Hunt 

T  Sterry  Hunt 

I48 
149 
164 

164 

Grains. 

•°75 
.091  a 
.032 

trace 

Grains. 

Caledonia,      Ontario,       Inter- 
mittent Spring  

T.  Sterry  Hunt 

164 

trace 

Caledonia,     Ontario,    sulphur- 
water 

T.  Sterry  Hunt 

183 

019 

Big  Bone  Kentucky  springs  .  .  . 
Berkshire,  Mass.,  Soda  spring. 
Caxton,  Quebec,  spring  
Slaters  ville,  N.  Y.,  spring  
Excelsior  Mo     springs  

T.'  Sterry  'Hunt 
B.  Hitchcock 

193 

335 
389 
399 
418 

"  b" 
.036 

h> 
b 

b 

South  Park,  Col.,  spring  

G.  E.  Patrick 

450 

.047 

a.  With  trace  of  iron. 

b.  Qualitative   analysis — amount  not   stated. 


Weidel,  H.,  and  G.  Goldschmiedt  (Wiener  Acad.  Ber.,  2. 
Abt.,  74,  p.  391;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1877,  p.  1386)  report  0.0063 
part  A12O3  per  10,000  parts  in  O  Tura  Sauerling  water  from 
Hungary. 

Wertheim,  T.  (Wiener  Acad.  Ber.,  42,  p.  479;  Rep.  Chim. 
pure,  3,  p.  131;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1860,  p.  836)  notes  0.02899 
part  alumina  per  10,000  parts  in  Franz- Joseph-Bad  water 
from  Tiiffer,  Austria. 

Weselsky,  P.,  and  A.  Bauer  (Wiener  Acad.  Ber.,  29,  p.  585; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1858,  p.  652;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1858,  p.  797) 
note  0.00227  part  alumina  (with  phosphoric  acid?)  per  1000 
parts  in  water  from  the  Konig  Ferdinand  Eisenbad,  Weidritz- 
thal  near  Presburg,  Hungary. 

Wiggers  (Bal.  Ztg.  i,  p.  4;  Pharm.  Centbl.,  1854,  p.  934; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1854,  p.  762)  notes  that  a  potable  water  from 
a  spring  at  Hofgeismar,  Hesse-Nassau,  Germany,  contained  a 
trace  of  alumina  too  small  to  weigh. 

Wiggers  (Arch.  Pharm.,  2d  ser.,  102,  p.  215;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1860,  p.  832)  found  0.001920  grain  alumina  per 
pound  (  =  7680  grains)  in  the  Driburg,  Germany,  mineral 
water. 


128  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

Wildenstein,  R.  (Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  85,  p.  100;  Chem. 
CentbL,  1862,  p.  200;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1862,  p.  810),  notes 
0.00180  part  aluminium  phosphate  per  10,000  parts  in  water 
from  a  hot  mineral  spring  a  Burtscheid,  Germany. 

Will  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  61,  p.  181;  Pharm.  CentbL, 
1847,  p.  507;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1847-48,  p.  1002)  eports  in 
water  from  Rippoldsau  as  follows:  Josephsquelle  0.0953, 
Wenzelsquelle  0.0840,  and  Leopoldsquelle  0.0822  gm.  alu- 
mina per  10,000  gms. 

Will  (Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.,  81,  p.  73;  Pharm.  CentbL, 
1852,  p.  237;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1851,  p.  650)  found  0.00119 
part  aluminium  phosphate  per  1000  parts  in  sulphur-water 
from  Weilbach. 

Willm,  E.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  86,  p.  543; 
Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  2d  ser.,  29,  p.  291;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1878, 
p.  1309),  notes  in  Aix-les-Bains  (Savoy)  sulphur  spring  0.001,3 
gm.  aluminium  per  liter,  and  in  the  alum-spring  water  o  0003 
gm.  A12S3O12  per  liter. 

Willm,  E.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  86,  p.  613; 
Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  34  (1878),  II,  p.  560),  analyzed  mineral 
water  from  Challes,  Savoy,  reporting  1.21851  and  0.3306  gm. 
per  liter  soluble  matter  in  Source  principale  and  Petite  Source, 
the  former  containing  0.0059  gm.  alumina  and  the  latter 
0.0232  gm.  alumina  and  sand  together. 

Willm,  E.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  90,  p.  547; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1880,  p.  1534),  reports  an  analysis  of  the 
Richard  spring  at  Cransac,  France.  April  15,  1879,  the  water 
contained  0.02800  gm.  A12S3O12,  and  July  14,  1879,  0.1760  gm. 
per  1000  cc. 

Willm,  E.  (Bui.  Soc.  Chem.,  2d  ser.,  31,  p.  3;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1879,  p.  1266),  reports  0.0027,  0.0024,  and  0.0012  gm. 
alumina  per  10,000  cc.,  respectively,  in  three  Auvergne  mineral 
waters,  and  traces  in  three  others. 

Willm,  E.  (Compt.  Rend.  Aead.  Sci.  Paris,  90,  p,  630; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1880,  p.  1533),  analyzed  the  Bussang  springs 
in  the  Vosges.  Salmade  contained  0.0012,  Ober  Quelle 
o.on,  and  Quelle  Marie  o.ooio  gm.  A12O3,  respectively,  per 
1000  cc. 

Willm,   E.    (Compt.   Rend.   Acad.    Sci.   Paris,    103,   p.   416, 


ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS.  1 29 

Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  50  (1886),  p.  997,  notes  0.0003  gm- 
alumina  per  liter  in  the  Bosquet  water  of  Bagneres  de  Luchon, 
Haute  Garonne. 

Willm,  E.  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  1 13,  p.  87  ;  Jahresb. 
Chem.,  1891,  p.  2617),  notes  per  1000  cc.  in  Madeleine  water 
No.  i  0.0644,  in  Madeleine  water  No.  2  0.0248,  in  Cercle 
water  0.0154,  in  Damont  water  0.0963,  and  in  Des  demoiselles 
spring  0.0399  aluminium  sulphate.  These  springs  are  at 
Rennes-les-Bains  (Aude).  The  first  three  belong  to  a  com- 
pany; the  last  two  to  the  town. 

Wittstein  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  10,  p.  342; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1861,  p.  1097)  reports  A12O3  in  water  as  follows: 
Ohe  River  0.00017,  Hohenbrunnerfilz  0.00076,  Schliessheimer 
moor  water  0.00029,  Isar  River  0.00030,  and  Brunnthaler 
water  0.00013  gm.  per  1000  gms. 

Wolff,  J.  (Wiener  Akad.  Ber.,  56,  2.  Abt.,  p.  55;  Wiener 
Akad.  Anz.,  1867,  p.  137;  Jour.  Prakt.  Chem.,  101,  p.  318; 
Chem.  Centbl.,  1867,  p.  424;  Inst.,  1867,  p.  391;  Jahrb.  Chem., 
1867,  p.  1039),  reports  0.0064  part  alumina  and  phosphoric 
acid  per  10,000  parts  in  water  from  the  mineral  spring  at 
Siebenbiirg. 

Wreden,  F.,  and  A.  Fuchs  (Ber.  Deut.  Chem.  Gesellsch., 
1874,  p.  1147;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1874,  p.  1335)  note  in  "5  per 
cent  Soljanka"  mineral  water  and  water  from  an  artesian 
well,  both  at  Ciechocinek,  Poland,  0.0035  an(^  o.oioi  part 
A12(HO)6  per  1000  parts,  respectively.  A  salt  obtained  from 
the  "  5  per  cent  Soljanka"  water  was  analyzed  and  found  to 
contain  0.0314  per  cent  A12O3.  Dried  at  110°  the  salt 
contained  1.005  per  cent  material  which  was  not  soluble  in 
water. 

Wroblewsky,  E.  (Bui.  Soc.  Chim.,  2d  ser.,  30,  p.  436;  Ber. 
Deut.  Chem.  Gesell.,  1878,  p.  1848  (corresp.);  Jahresb.  Chem., 
1878,  p.  1314),  reports  0.02119  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts 
in  a  spring  near  Ekaterinodar  in  the  Caucasus. 

Wurtz,  H.  (Silliman's  Amer.  Jour.,  2d  ser.,  22,  pp.  124, 
301;  Jahresb.  Chem.,  1857,  p.  729),  notes  a  trace  of  alu- 
mina in  Delaware  River  water  taken  near  Trenton,  New 
Jersey. 

Zaleski,  S.  S.   (Chem.  Ztg.,   1892,  p.   594;    Jahresb.  Chem., 


ISO  ALUMINIUM  IN  NATURAL    WATERS. 

1892,  p.  2683),  notes  0.0018  part  A12O3  per  1000  parts  in  Ingol 
Lake  water,  Gouv.  Jenissejsk. 

Zaugerle,  M.  (Neue.  Repter.  Pharm.,  14,  p.  9;  Chem.  Centbl., 
1865,  p.  798;  Jahresber.  Chem.,  1865,  p.  933),  reports  traces 
of  alumina  in  the  Schillingsforst  spring,  Bavaria. 


ALUMINIUM  IN  MISCELLANEOUS  MATERIALS. 


Corney,  B.  G.,  D.  Guthrie,  and  F.  B.  Guthrie  (Jour,  and 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  New  South  Wales,  33  (1900),  p.  224;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  78X1900),  II,  p.  569)  note  the  presence  of 
41.53  per  cent  A12O3  in  an  edible  earth  from  Fiji.  The  earth 
is  regarded  as  a  silicate  with  the  formula  Al2O3(SiO2)2(H2O)2, 
with  Fe2O3  present  as  an  impurity. 

Hebberling,  M.  (Vierteljahressch.  Prakt.  Pharm.,  18,  p.  558; 
Dingler's  Poly.  Jour.,  194,  p.  88;  Chem.  News,  20,  p.  249; 
Jahresb.  Chem.,  1869,  p.  1119),  analyzed  earth  from  Berbek, 
Java,  which  is  eaten  by  the  natives.  He  found  25.939  per 
cent  alumina. 

Love,  E.  G.  (Chem.  News,  41,  p.  187;  Jahresber.  Chem., 
1880,  p.  1118),  reports  the  analysis  of  a  Japanese  edible  earth. 
This  contained  13.61  per  cent  alumina. 

Muir,  M.  M.  P.  (Chem.  News,  36,  p.  202;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc., 
London,  34  (1878),  II,  p.  120),  notes  17.97  Per  cent  A12O3  in  an 
edible  clay  from  Mackenzie  County  (South  Island),  New  Zea- 
land. He  states  that  this  clay  is  largely  eaten  by  sheep. 

Schmidt,  C.  (Ann.  Chim.  Phys.,  4th  ser.,  26,  p.  535;  Jour. 
Chem.  Soc.  London,  26  (1873),  p.  151),  in  an  article  on  Eat- 
able Earths  of  Lapland  and  Southern  Persia,  notes  40.797  per 
cent  alumina  in  earth  eaten  in  Lapland.  The  specimen  came 
from  the  village  of  Ponoi.  Alumina  was  not  reported  in  the 
earth  from  Kirman  (called  G'hel  i  G'iveh)  in  Southern  Persia. 

Stark,  J.  F.  (Chem.  News,  23,  p.  199;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, 24  (1871),  p.  425),  reports  4.17  per  cent  A12O3  in  an  earth- 
ball  from  a  horse.  The  ball  weighed  over  two  pounds. 

131 


132        ALUMINIUM  IN  MISCELLANEOUS  MATERIALS. 

The  principal  constituent  of  the  earth-ball  was  ammonium- 
magnesium  phosphate,  which  amounted  to  83.2  per  cent. 

Thompson,  W.  Oilman  (Practical  Dietetics,  New  York,  1902, 
p.  281),  notes  the  occasional  use  of  alum  and  aluminium  chloride 
as  preservatives.  This  use  of  aluminium  compounds  has  also 
been  noted  by  other  writers. 


INDEX. 


Abies  ex  eels  a,  21. 

Acer  negundo,  1 1. 

Achyranthus  aspera,  39. 

Aconite  roots,  23,  39. 

Aconitum  heterophyllum,  39. 

Aconitumjaponicum,  39. 

Acquarossa  Spring,  Biasca,  Italy,  56. 

Adder's  tongue,  10. 

Adelheidquelle.  Heilbrunn,  Germany.  71,  114. 

Adirondacks,  New  York,  spring,  55. 

^Egina  Springs,  Greece,  68. 

Agnesquelle,  Lobenstein,  Germany,  117. 

Agrostemma  githago,  12. 

Agua  de  Vida  Lower  Spring,  Cal.,  63. 

Agua  de  Vida  Upper  Spring,  Cal.,  63. 

Aix-les-Bains,  France,  alum  spring,  128. 

Aix-les-Bains,  France,  sulphur  spring,  54,  128. 

Albany,  Ga.,  artesian  well.  118. 

Alcyone  Mineral  Springs,  Illinois,  108. 

Alexanderquelle,  Psekoup,  122. 

Alexandro-Jermolowski,  Caucasus,  spring,  55. 

Alexina£ka  banja,  Servia,  spring,  93. 

Alfalfa  soil,  1 6. 

Alfalfa  roots,  7. 

Alga,  1 6. 

Alleghany  Springs,  Virginia,  113,  114. 

Allouez  Mineral  Spring,  Wisconsin,  68. 

Alma,  Mich.,  wells,  89. 

Almond  shells,  30. 

Almonds,  30. 

Alsophila  australis,  n. 

Alte  Quelle,  Ronneby,  Sweden,  80. 

Alum  Creek,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Alum  Rock  Alkaline  Saline  Spring,  California,  63. 

Alum  Rock  Chalybeate  Spring,  California,  63. 

133 


134  INDEX. 

Alum  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Alveneu  Sulphur  Spring,  115. 

Amandbrunnen,  Luhatschowitz,  Austria-Hungary,  72,  85. 

Amazon  River,  117. 

Ambrosia  artemisiafolia,  14. 

Ambrosius  Spring,  Marienbad.  Austria-Hungary,  76. 

Ameliaquelle,  Iwoniez,  Austria-Hungary,  116. 

Amelie  d'Hautereve,  Hautereve,  France,  spring,  103. 

American  Carlsbad  Spring,  Nashville,  111.,  122. 

Americus,  Ga.,  artesian  well,  118. 

Anatto,  20. 

Anatto  seeds,  15. 

Ancona,  Italy,  spring,  60. 

Andansonia  digitata,  19. 

Anderson  Iron  Spring,  California,  63. 

Anderson  Sour  Spring,  California,  63. 

Anderton,  England,  spring,  102. 

Andropogon  scoparius,  14. 

Angelika,  TOnnisstein,  Germany,  spring,  124. 

Angustus  Spring,  Neuenahr,  56. 

Ann  Arbor  (Huron  River  ?),  creek,  88. 

Apollinaris  Spring,  Germany,  54. 

Apples,  ripe,  8. 

Araliarhizomes,  27. 

Aralia  californica,  27. 

Arcier  Spring,  Besancon,  France,  69. 

Arctic  Spring,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Arcueil  Spring,  Paris,  France,  69. 

Arenaria  media,  16,  17. 

Arenaria  r libra,  16. 

Arkansas  City  Well,  Kans.,  53. 

Arkansas  Lithia  Springs,  63. 

Armeria  maritima,  38. 

Artemisia  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Artemisia  maritima,  16. 

Artesian  Lithia  Spring,  Ballston  Spa,  New  York,  105. 

Artesian  Mineral  Well,  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  109. 

Artesian  Well,  Aberdeen,  S.  D.,  109. 

Artesian  Well,  England,  126. 

Artesian  Well,  Louisville,  Ky.,  112. 

Artesian  Well,  No.  I,  Rockford,  111.,  108. 

Arum  (Colocasia)  esculentum,  18. 

Arum  maculatum,  31. 

Aspidium  filix  femina,  36. 

Aspidium  filix  mas,  36. 

Asta  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Atchison  Electric  Light  Well,  Kans.,  53. 


INDEX.  135 


Atchison,  Kans.,  spring,  86. 

Atchison  Parker's  Spring,  Kansas,  53. 

Atherosperma  moschatum,  48. 

Atlantic  coastal  plain,  United  States,  artesian  wells,  68. 

Atropa  belladonna,  27. 

Aube  River,  Etufs,  France,  103. 

Auditorium,  Chicago,  111.,  artesian  well,  91. 

Augenquelle,  Elster,  Germany,  122. 

Austin's  Springs,  Tennessee,  107. 

Australasian  mineral  waters,  94,  95. 

Auvergne,  France,  springs,  128. 

Azemar  Spring,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

Bachquelle,  Teinach,  Germany,  72. 

Bad  Griesbach,  Germany,  spring,  118. 

Bad  Jeni-Kaplidja,  Anatolia,  Asia  Minor,  spring,  118. 

Bad  Marienborn,  spring,  12 1. 

Bad  Wendig,  Ries,  spring,  124. 

Bademli  Baghtsche,  Brusa,  Asia  Minor,  spring,  121. 

Baden-Baden,  Germany,  spring,  101. 

Badequelle,  Paderborn,  Germany,  59. 

B.  B.  Mineral  Spring,  Mo.,  66. 

Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  spring,  France,  60. 

Bain  Romain,  Plombieres,  France,  82. 

Bain  tempere,  Plombieres,  France,  82. 

Banana-tree  sap,  18. 

Banja  Visegrad,  Bosnia,  97. 

Baobab  fibers,  19. 

Barley,  45. 

Barley  sprouts,  23. 

Barragan,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Barringun,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  IOO. 

Bat  manure,  50. 

Bath  Alum  Spring,  No.  i,  Virginia,  106. 

Bath  Alum  Spring,  No.  2,  Virginia,  106,  no. 

Bath  Alum  Spring,  No.  3,  Virginia,  113. 

Bayard,  Hauterive  (Allier),  France,  spring,  103. 

Bayen  Spring,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

Beans,  34. 

Bear  River  Hot  Springs,  Utah,  109. 

Beaupreau  Spring,  France,  52. 

Beck's  Hot  Spring,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  iiS. 

Bed  straw,  38. 

Bedford  Bowling  Alley  Spring.  Pennsylvania,  67. 

Bedford  Iron  and  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  HO. 

Bedford  Magnesia  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  67. 

Beech,  40,  41. 


UNIVERSITY  I 

OF  J 

^&£SS0S 

INDEX. 


Beef.  50. 

Beehive  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Beet  sugar,  25. 

Beets,  14. 

Belabula  River,  New  South  Wales,  99. 

Belladonna  leaves,  23,  27. 

Bellety  Steel  Spring,  Sail-les  Chateaumorand,  France,  81. 

Belvedra  Spring,  Chur,  Switzerland,  83. 

Bench  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Bergstrasse  Stahlquelle,  Weinheim,  Germany,  101. 

Bermuda-grass  roots,  7. 

Bernhard  Spring,  Krankenheil-Tolz,  Germany,  74. 

Bethesda  Springs,  Waukesha,  Wis.,  108. 

Betula  alba,  41. 

Big  Bone  Springs,  Kentucky,  65,  127. 

Billecul  Spring,  Besan9on,  France,  69. 

Bimbia,  Africa,  spring,  116. 

Birch,  40. 

Birch  fungus,  43. 

Birch  sap,  26. 

Birchdale  Spring  (Concord  Spring),  New  Hampshire,  105. 

Birken  schwamms,  1  6,  43. 

Birresborn.  Pelm,  Germany,  spring,  125. 

Bitter  Wasser,  Ofen,  Germany,  54. 

Bitterwasser,  Weilutza,  Roumania,  87. 

Bixa  orellana,  15. 

Black  Earth  Mineral  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Black  thorn,  32, 

Black  truffle,  29. 

Blanche,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  spring,  73. 

Bled  et  Amax,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Bleville,  France,  spring,  98. 

Blocksberg  Mountains,  Germany,  spring,  54. 

Blodgett's  Springs,  California,  63. 

Bloodroot  rhizome,  23. 

Blossburg  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  no. 

Blueberries,  dried,  21. 

Blue  Lick  Springs,  Mo.,  66. 

Blue  Ridge  Springs,  Virginia,  67,  106. 

Blue  thistle,  14. 

Boiler  Bath  (Old  Ladies'  Boiler  Bath  Hot  Spring),  Virginia,  106. 

Boletus  edulis,  15. 

Bologna,  Italy,  spring,  60. 

Bolschoi,  Slawinsk,  Poland,  spring,  102. 

Bondonneau,  France,  spring,  81. 

Bonifaciusquelle,  Neuhaus,  Germany,  92. 

Bouillants  Spring,  Vergeze,  France,  58. 


INDEX.  137 

Borax  Lake,  California,  55. 

Bordeu  No.  4  Spring,  Bagnereres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

"  Borhegyer  Sauervvasser,"  Austria-Hungary,  54. 

Borland  Mineral  Well,  West  Virginia,  113. 

Bormio,  Italy,  spring,  114. 

Bosquet,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  spring,  129. 

Bourke  Corrella  Station,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  99. 

Botirke,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  99. 

Bovista  gigantiza,  27. 

Bowden  Lithia  Springs,  Georgia,  65. 

Bowsher  Mineral  Spring,  Missouri,  109. 

Box  elder  leaves,  n. 

Bradford  Mineral  Spring,  New  Hampshire,  66. 

Bradford,  Mass.,  wells,  70. 

Bratton  Spring,  Missouri,  113. 

Bray  era  anthelmintica,  17- 

Bread,  3,  4,  5,  39,  45- 

Bregille  Spring,  Besancon,  France,  69. 

Brestowacka  banja,  Servia,  93. 

Briscous  Salt  Wells,  France,  59. 

Bristol,  Pa.,  spring,  76. 

Bromus  seca/inus,  29. 

Broom  sedge,  14. 

Brucourt,  France,  spring,  61. 

Bryony  root,  18. 

Brodelbrunnen,  Pyrmont,  Germany,  74. 

Broken  Hill  Brewery,  New  South  Wales,  well,  99. 

Broken  Hill  Quarry,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  99. 

Bromo-magnesium  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Bronislaw  Spring,  Truskawice,  Galicia,  80. 

Brown's  Wells,  Springs,  Mississippi,  66. 

Briihquelle,  Baden.  Germany,  59. 

Briinnlein  (Urquelle),  Trentschin  Toplitzer  Bad.  Austria-Hungary,  89. 

Brunthaler,  129. 

Briix.  Austria-Hungary,  artesian  well,  120. 

Buckhert's  Fountain,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Buckwheat,  45. 

Budos  (Balvanyos).  Siebenbiirgen,  spring,  96. 

Biidos  (Stinkberg),  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Buffalo  Lithia  Springs,  Virginia,  no. 

Bukowik,  Servia,  spring,  93. 

Bullicame,  Viterbo,  Italy,  springs,  116. 

Burdett  Mineral  Wells,  Texas,  67. 

Burge  Malo,  spring,  122. 

Burr  Oak  Spring,  Kansas,  53. 

Burtscheid,  Germany,  spring,  128. 

Bushnell  Railroad  Well,  Illinois,  91. 


INDEX. 

Butterworth's  Magnetic  Spring,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  88,  108. 
Buxton,  England,  spring,  123. 

Cacao.  9. 

Caledonia  Springs,  Ontario,  127. 

California  Geysers,  Acid  Spring,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Alum  Spring,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Devil's  Teakettle,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Indian  Spring,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Iron  Spring,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Iron  Spring,  Geyser  Creek,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Lemonade  Spring,  63. 

California  Geysers,  near  Indian  Spring,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Mud  Indian  Spring,  63. 

California  Geyser  Spring,  near  river,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Witches'  Caldron,  63. 

California  Geysers,  Seltzer  Spring,  127. 

Calisaya  bark,  23. 

Calistoga  Springs,  California,  63. 

Calistoga  Swimming  Pool,  California,  63. 

Calluna  vulgar  is,  41. 

Calumba  roots,  23. 

Camborne,  Cornwall,  England,  spring,  114. 

Cane  sugar,  25,  38. 

Cape  Town,  Africa,  spring,  80. 

Capon  Beauty  Spring.  West  Virginia,  106. 

Capon  Main  Spring,  West  Virginia,  106. 

Capioma  Mineral  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Capsella  burs  a  past  or  is.  13. 

Capsicum,  7. 

Carabana,  Spain,  spring,  54. 

Carbondale  Spring,  Kansas,  53. 

Cardamon,  17. 

Cardamon  seeds  and  husks,  44. 

Carica  papaya,  28. 

Carlsquelle,  Bad  Helmstedt.  Germany,  75. 

Carlsquelle,  Iwoniez,  Austria-Hungary,  116. 

Casarbad,  France,  spring,  90. 

Cascara  bark,  23. 

Cass  River,  Michigan,  88. 

Castalia,  Ohio,  spring,  60. 

Castanea  leaves,  23. 

Casteggio,  Italy,  spring,  69. 

Castilian  Mineral  Spring,  Mississippi,  66. 

Catoosa  Springs,  Georgia,  in,  112. 

Cave  Springs,  Virginia,  no. 


INDEX.  139 


Cawker  City,  Kans.,  spring,  54. 

Caxton,  Canada,  springs,  83,  127. 

Ceanothus  americanus,  9. 

Cedar  Springs,  Washington  Spring,  Ohio,  107. 

Centralia  Gypsum  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Centralia,  Kans.,  well,  86. 

Ceratonia  siliqtia,  30. 

Cercle,  Rennes-les-Bains,  France,  spring,  129. 

Ceresole  Reale,  Italy,  spring,  100. 

Cervena-Rjeka-Quelle,  Srebrenica,  Bosnia,  96. 

Cetraria  islandica,  41. 

Cetrarid,  16. 

Ceyssat,  France,  spring,  124. 

Chadnor  Villa,  Cheltenham,  England,  well,  124. 

Chalybeate  Springs,  Georgia,  112. 

Champion  Spouting  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  artesian  well,  121. 

Chatelguyon,  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  spring,  103. 

Chaumaix,  France,  spring,  90. 

Cheken  leaves,  19. 

Cherokee  City  Well,  Kans.,  53. 

Cherokee  Magnetic  Mineral  Spring,  Iowa,  109. 

Cherries,  21. 

Cherry  Valley  Phosphate  Spring,  New  York,  105. 

Cheshire,  England,  springs,  102. 

Chestnuts,  13. 

Chickweed,  16,  17. 

Chimaphila  leaves,  23. 

China  flava  fibrosa,  30. 

China  huanuco,  30. 

China  regia  cum  epid.,  30. 

China  regia  sine  epid. ,  30. 

China  rubra,  30. 

"Chine,"  17. 

Chippewa  River,  Michigan,  88. 

Chittenango  Cave  Spring,  New  York,  105. 

Chittenango  White  Sulphur  Springs,  New  York,  105. 

Chlorangium  jussuffii,  16,  22,  29. 

Choke-cherry  bark,  23. 

Chrome  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Chur,  Switzerland,  springs,  83. 

Church  Hill  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  in. 

Cicuta  maculata,  1 6. 

Cider  vinegar,  14. 

Ciechpcinek,  Poland,  artesian  well,  129. 

Cinchona,  19,  23. 

Cinchona  bark,  25. 


140  INDEX. 

Cinchona  offidnali,  19. 

Cinchona  succirubra,  19. 

Cinnamon  bark,  32. 

City  Creek,  Utah,  61. 

Civillina,  Italy,  spring,  56. 

Cladonia,  16. 

Cladonia  rangiferina,  41. 

Cladophora  glomerata,  1 6,  29. 

Clark's  Riverside  Mineral  Springs,  Detroit,  Mich.,  66,  89. 

Clay,  edible,  from  New  Zealand,  131. 

Cleopatra  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Cliff  Spring,  Saint-Nectaire  le  Haut,  France,  76. 

Clifton  Spring,  No.  I.  Virginia,  106. 

Climax  Springs,  Missouri,  109. 

Clinton,  Miss.,  well,  61. 

Club  moss,  i,  10,  12,  23,  31. 

Cochineal,  49. 

Cockle-burr,  17. 

Cocoa  shells,  9. 

Coe'se,  France,  spring,  101. 

Coffee  beans,  25. 

Coffee  tree,  25. 

Colchicum,  30. 

Cohhicum  autumnale,  30. 

Cold  Spring  III,  Neuenahr,  56. 

Cold  Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia,  67,  in. 

Coldwater,  Mich.,  well,  89. 

Columbus  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Coltsfoot,  leaves,  8. 

Columbia  Chalybeate  Spring,  Missouri,  109. 

Conferva  glomerata,  27. 

Congress  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Conneautville,  Pa.,  artesian  well,  118. 

Constant  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Constantine  Spring,  Gleichenberg,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Convolvulus  batatas,  1 8. 

Convolvulus  roots,  7. 

Conway  Springs,  Kans.,  53. 

Cooper's  Well,  Mississippi,  112. 

Coral  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Corella,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  100. 

Corncobs,  2. 

Corn  cockle,  12. 

Corn  kernels,  33. 

Corneliusquelle,  Aachen,  Germany,  92. 

Corydalis,  16. 

Corydalis  bulbosa,  16 


INDEX.  141 


Costalta,  Southern  Tyrol,  spring,  69. 

Cattani  Spring,  No.  2,  Spolato,  125. 

Cow's  milk,  49. 

Crenothrix  manganifera,  20. 

Crenothrix  kuJmiana,  2O. 

Crenothrix  ochracea,  20. 

Cresson  Alum  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  no. 

Cresson  Iron  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  no. 

Cresson  Magnesia  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  106. 

Crisp  Springs,  Tennessee,  107. 

Crni  Guber,  Srebrenica,  Bosnia,  spring,  97. 

Crocket's  Arsenic-Lithia  Springs,  Virginia,  67. 

Crocus,  autumn.     (See  Colchicum.) 

Crystal  Springs,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Cuckoo-pint  leaves,  31. 

Cullum's  Ferruginous  Spring,  Alabama,  114. 

Curry  Spring,  Versailles,  111.,  127. 

Cuttaburra,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  99,  100. 

Cuyahoga  Lithia  and  Magnesium  Springs,  Ohio,  112,  114. 

Cyathea  serra,  10. 

Cynanchum  monspehacum,  20. 

Czemete,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  120. 

Czifra-viz,  spring,  73. 

Dalton,  Mass.,  artesian  well,  71. 

Damont,  Rennes-les-Bains,  France,  spring,  129. 

Dandelion,  32,  33,  40. 

Davenport,  la.,  glucose  factory,  artesian  well,  91. 

Davis  Mineral  Well,  Kentucky,  112. 

Dead  Sea,  54,  119. 

Deer  Lick  Spring,  New  York,  66. 

Dekalb,  111.,  water-works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Delaware  River,  New  Jersey,  129. 

Deloraine,  Manitoba,  artesian  well,  126. 

Des  demoiselles,  Rennes-les-Bains,  France,  spring,  129. 

Detroit  River,  Michigan,  87,  88. 

Devil's  Ink  Pot,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Dianthns  caryophyllus,  I. 

Dicksonia  squarrosa,  1 1. 

Digitalis  leaves,  23. 

Dintenquelle,  Teinach,  Germany,  72. 

Director  Spring,  Starja-Russa,  102. 

Dixie  Mineral  Spring,  Tennessee,  67. 

Dixon,  111.,  water- works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Dixon  Spring,  Kansas,  53. 

Dock,  14. 

Dog-bane,  20. 


M2  INDEX. 

Dolnj-Tuzla,  Bosnia,  springs,  96. 

Donatusquelle,  Albulathale,  115. 

Donionidi,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Dorna-Sara  Arsenic  Spring,  Roumania,  116. 

Doubs  River,  France,  56.  69. 

Doulaux,  France,  spring,  90. 

Dougherty's  Carbonic  Acid  Spring,  British  Columbia,  86. 

Driburg,  Germany,  spring,  127. 

Dropping  Well,  Knaresborough,  England,  59. 

Dubois  (Allier),  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Dudley,  England,  wells,  124. 

Dulimbert  Spring,  Vergeze,  France,  55. 

Diingle  Ridge,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  100, 

Durkheim,  Germany,  spring,  59. 

Dwarf  pine,  41. 

Earth  ball  from  a  horse,  131. 

Earth,  edible,  from  Berbek.  Java,  131.  . 

Earth,  edible,  from  Fiji,  131. 

Earth,  edible,  from  Japan,  131. 

Earth,  edible,  from  Ponoi,  Lapland,  131. 

Eastern  Bohemia,  mineral  waters,  85. 

Eastman's  Springs,  Michigan,  66. 

East  Saginaw,  Mich.,  well,  89. 

East  Spring,  Joplin,  Mo.,  82. 

East  Spring,  Langenbruck,  Austria-Hungary,  77. 

Echium  vulgar e,  14. 

Echinus  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Eckholzquelle,  Ronneby,  Sweden,  80. 

Eddoes.    (See  Taro.) 

Eel  grass,  2,  16. 

Egg  albumen,  50. 

Einsiedel,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  98. 

Eisenquelle  von  Uebersaxen,  Voralberg,  Austria-Hungary,  8C; 

Eisenwasser  Bad  Andelsbuch,  Voralberg,  Austria-Hungary,  87. 

Eisenwasser  des  Bad  Reuthe,  Voralberg,  Austria-Hungary,  87. 

Ekaterinoder,  in  the  Caucasus,  spring,  129. 

Elder,  19,  42. 

Eleusine  indica,  14. 

El  Feter,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

El-Hadjira,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Elizabethquelle,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Elizabethenquelle,  Neuhaus,  Germany,  92. 

Elizabethenquelle,  Rothenfels,  Germany,  58. 

Elm  bark,  23. 

El  Paso  de  Robles  Hot  Sulphur  Spring.  California,  no. 

El  Paso  de  Robles  Main  Sulphur  Spring,  California,  63. 


INDEX.  143 


El  Paso  de  Robles  Soda  Spring,  California,  63. 

Emmaquelle,  Gliechenberg,  Austria-Hungary,  79. 

Emperador,  Panama,  well,  51. 

Empire  Mine,  swallet,  54. 

Empire  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  60,  105. 

Enclos  des  Celestins,  Vichy,  France,  spring,  90. 

English  ivy,  7. 

English  walnut  bark,  35. 

Equisetum  maximum,  IO. 

Equisetum  telmateja,  26. 

Ergot,  18,  29,  37. 

Erica  vulgar  is,  1 6. 

Estill  Springs,  Black  Sulphur  Spring,  Kentucky,  112. 

Estill  Springs,  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Kentucky,  107. 

Etufs,  France,  spring,  103. 

Eucalyptus,  34. 

Eiicalyptus  globulus,  34. 

Eucalyptus  ro strata,  34. 

Euphorbia  amygdoloides,  42. 

Eureka  Mineral  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Eureka  Springs,  California,  63. 

Eureka  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,   105. 

Eureka  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Everett  Spring.  Massachusetts,  70. 

Excelsior  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Excelsior  Springs,  Missouri,  54,  66,  99,  127. 

Excelsior  Well,  Benton  Harbor,  Mich.,  89. 

Faculte  des  Sciences,  Besan9on,  France,  well,  69. 

Fagus  sylvatica,  \\. 

Fairview  Springs,  Texas,  112. 

Farmville  Lithia  Springs,  No.  2,  Virginia,  106. 

Farmwell  Station,  Va.,  springs,  118. 

Farnham,  England,  spring,  79. 

Fearless  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Felsenquelle,  Bad  Ems.  Germany,  75,  122. 

Felsenquelle,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Felsenquelle,  near  Bassen,  Austria-Hungary,  73. 

Felt's  Mineral  Springs,  California,  63. 

Ferdinand  Spring,  Marienbad,  Austria- Hungary,  76. 

Fern  root-stalks,  34. 

Fern  roots,  36. 

Ferrara,  Italy,  spring,  60. 

Ferras  Spring,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

Fidelisquelle,  Bosnia,  96. 

Fig  leaves.  42. 

Fir  bark,  dry,  22. 


144  INDEX.      . 

Fir  cones,  dry,  22. 

Fir  moss,  22. 

Fir  needle  litter,  22,  39. 

Fir  needles,  21,  22. 

Fir  twigs,  22. 

Firehole  River,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Fitzpatrick,  Ala.,  artesian  well,  118. 

Flat  Rock  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Flax  stems,  20. 

Flit  wick  Moor,  spring,  85. 

Floating  buttercup,  32. 

Flour,  2,  3,  14,  28.  38,  46. 

Flowing  Spring,  Kansas,  109. 

Fojnica.  Bosnia,  spring,  97. 

Fontinalis  antipyretica,  10,  36. 

Fort  Crawford  Mineral  Spring,  Wisconsin,  68. 

Fort  Scott  Sulpho-magnesian  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Fountain  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park.  68,  78. 

Fountain  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Framingham,  Massachusetts,  springs,  70. 

Frangula  bark,  23. 

Franklin  Artesian  Well,  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Franklin  Spring,  Georgia,  65. 

Franz-Joseph-Bad,  Tiiffer,  Austria-Hungary,  127. 

Franz  Joseph  Quelle,  Fiired,  Austria-Hungary,  81. 

Fraysse,  Cransac,  France,  spring,  81. 

French  Lick  Springs.  Pluto's  Well,  Indiana,  112. 

Friedensquelle,  Rostenberg,  Germany,  98. 

Friedrichshall,  Germany,  spring,  54. 

Friedrichshall,  Germany,  spring.  92. 

Friedrichsquelle,  Zeidelweid,  Austria-Hungary,  85. 

Fry's  Mineral  Spring,  Iowa,  65. 

Fulbrunnen,  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  spring,  114. 

Fungus,  edible,  27. 

Furstenbrunnen,  Ems,  Germany,  74,  75. 

Galbraith's  Spring,  Tennessee,  107. 

Galdhof,  Seelowitz,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  102. 

Galena,  111.,  water- works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Galium  mollugo,  38. 

Garden  pink,  I. 

Garden  rose,  I. 

Gardiner  River,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Gasquelle,  Elster,  Germany,  122. 

Gastrolobium  bilobwn.  15. 

Gata,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Gaylord  and  Gulick's  Mineral  Spring.  Pennsylvania,  67,  no. 

Geilnau,  Nassau,  Germany,  spring,  74. 


INDEX.  H5 


Gelsemium  root,  23. 

Geneseo,  111.,  water-works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Geneva  Lithia  Spring,  New  York,  66. 

Georgenbrunnen,  Bad  Eilsen.  Germany,  76. 

Geranium  rhizome,  23. 

Gerlosteiner  Schlossbrunnen,  Pelm,  Germany,  125. 

Germania  Spring,  Schwalheim,  Germany,  123. 

Gettysburg  Lithia  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  106. 

Geuda  Springs,  Kansas,  53,  65. 

Geyser  Mine,  Custer  County,  Colorado,  71. 

Geyser  Mineral  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Giantess  Geyser.  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Gibson  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Giesshiibler,  Rodisfort,  Germany,  spring,  78. 

Glacier  Spouting  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  60,  119. 

Glen  Alpine  Springs,  California,  63. 

Glen  Flora  Springs,  Illinois,  108. 

Glen  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Glenola  (Wayland)  Spring,  Virginia,  67. 

Glycyrrhiza  root,  23. 

Gmunden  Lake,  Austria-Hungary,  77. 

Golden  seal  root,  16. 

Gombert's  Well,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Gordon  Springs,  California,  63. 

Gorni  Sehar,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Gosling's  Garden,  Osnabriick,  artesian  well,  86. 

Gradacac,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Grand  Haven  Mineral  Spring,  Michigan,  108. 

Grand  River,  Jackson,  Mich.,  88. 

Grand  Rue  Spring,  Besangon,  France,  56,  69. 

Grande  Grille,  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Grande  Source,  Pougues-les-Eaux,  Nievre,  France,  103. 

Grande  Source,  Vittel,  France,  100. 

Granier  Spring,  Vergeze,  France,  55. 

Grape  branches,  31. 

Grape  juice,  6,  27. 

Grape  leaves,  31,  38. 

Grape  must,  31. 

Grape  seeds,  16. 

Grape  wood,  27. 

Grapes,  24,  26. 

Grapevines,  17,  30,  38. 

Grassion  Spring,  Clermont,  France,    103. 

Gravesend,  England,  spring,  79. 

Great  Bend  Mineral  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Great  Fountain  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Great  Paraiso  Hot  Soda  Springs,  California,  64. 


146  INDEX. 

Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  102. 

Great  Spirit  Spring,  No.  2,  Kansas,  53. 

Greenbrier  White  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia,  106,  in, 

Green  Mineral  Spring,  Ohio,  107. 

Greensborough  Spring,  North  Carolina,  107. 

Greuillea  robust  a,  26. 

Grossluder  Spring,  Salzschlirf,  Germany,  117. 

Grotte  inferieure,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  spring,  73. 

Grotte  superieure,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  spring,  73. 

Grotts  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Guarana  paste,  28. 

Guarana  seed,  23,  28. 

Guarana  shells,  28. 

Gueuzayasma,  Brusa,  Asia  Minor,  spring,  121. 

Guillot  Spring,  Evian,  France,  101. 

Gyrenbad,  Switzerland,  spring,  124. 

Gyrophora,  16 

Gyrophora  pustulata,  22,  41. 

Racket's  Spring,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Haddon  Mineral  Well,  Kansas,  109. 

Hall,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  101. 

Halowell  Grant  Spring,  Nova  Scotia,  51. 

Harbin  Chalybeate  Spring,  California,  63. 

Harbin  Hot  Sulphur  Spring,  California,  63. 

Hart  Well,  West  Virginia,  68,  113. 

Hartford  Cold  Springs,  Maine,  105. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  spring,  58. 

Harris  Antidyspeptic  and  Tonic  Springs,  Virginia,  67. 

Hartsel  Hot  Mineral  Springs,  Colorado,  109. 

Hartivegia  comosa,  43. 

Hathorn  Spring.  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Hauptbrunnen,  Miinster,  Germany,  124. 

Hauptquelle,  Gastein,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Hauptquelle,  Neuhaus,  Austria-Hungary,  79. 

Haupt-Trinkquelle,  Stuttgart,  Germany,  72. 

H.  Dahne,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

H.  Debiche  et  Strifigi,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Heather,  16,  41,  43. 

Heilbrunnen,  near  Lake  Taach,  55. 

Helianthus  annuus,  43. 

Helicon  Springs,  Georgia,  107. 

Hellibore  rhizome  rootlets,  23. 

Hemlock  bark,  2. 

Hemp,  refuse,  8. 

Hermannsquelle,  Neuhaus,  Germany,  92. 

Herniaria  glabra,  43. 


INDEX.  147 


Herster,  Driburg,  Germany,  spring,  74. 

Hertfell  Spring,  Scotland,  85. 

Hickman's  Springs,  Kentucky,  112. 

Hides,  50. 

High  Rock  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Highland  Dutch  or  Ems  Spring,  California,  64,  no, 

Highland  Magic  Spring,  California,  no. 

Highland  Seltzer  Spring,  California,  64,  no. 

Hildegarde  Spring,  Ofen,  Austria-Hungary,  119. 

Hindhead,  England,  springs,  79. 

Hirschquelle,  Teinach,  Germany,  72. 

H.  Messaoud,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Hohenbrunnerfilz.  129. 

Holly  leaves,  30. 

Homburg,  Germany,  artesian  well,  82. 

Honey,  9. 

Honeysuckle  berries,  15. 

Hop  blossoms,  39. 

Hops,  9,  23,  40. 

Horeb  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Horse  bean,  18. 

Horse  chestnut,  35. 

Horsetail,  10,  26. 

Hosea  Saline  Sulphur  Spring,  Indiana,  113. 

Hot  Borate  Spring,  California,  64. 

Hot  River.  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Hot  Spout  Bath,  Virginia,  106. 

Hot  Spring,  Savo  Island,  93. 

Hot  Springs,  Arkansas,  107. 

Hot  Springs,  Hot  Springs  Station,  Nevada,  61,  113. 

Hot  Springs,  Monte  Irone,  Albane,  Italy,  101. 

Howard  Springs,  California,  64. 

Hroswithaj  Herzogludolfsbad,  Germany,  spring,  IO2. 

Hughes'  Mineral  Well,  Georgia,  65. 

Human  milk,  49. 

Humboldt  River,  Nevada,  60,  119. 

Humboldt's  Salt  Well,  Minnesota,  109. 

Hunter's  Hot  Spring,  Montana,  109. 

Hunter's  (Pulaski)  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  67. 

Hurricane  Springs,  Tennessee,  107. 

Hyacinth,  38. 

Plyacinthus  orientalis,  38. 

Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  artesian  wells,  70. 

Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  wells,  70. 

Hydrangea.  8,  23. 

Hydrangea  arborescens,  8. 

Hydras  Us  canadensis,  1 6. 


INDEX. 

Hydrastis  rhizome,  23. 

Hygeia  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Hygeia  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Hyoscyamus  leaves,  23. 

Iceland  moss,  41. 

Ida  Spring,  Biloves,  Austria- Hungary,  101. 

Idjen  volcano,  Java,  lake,  73. 

Ilex  aquifolium,  30. 

Ilidze,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Illicium  anisatum,  32. 

Indian  fig.     (See  Prickly  pear.) 

Indan-Ha  Spring,  Idaho,  65. 

Indian  Medical  Spring,  Minnesota,  66. 

Indian  Spring,  Indiana,  65,  113. 

Ingol,  Lake,  Russia,  130. 

Iodine  Donatus,  Solis,  115. 

lodo-Magnesian  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Iowa  Acid  Spring,  109. 

Irondale  Springs,  West  Virginia,  in. 

Iron  Lithia  Springs,  Virginia,  68. 

Iron  Spring,  Milford,  N.  H.,  105. 

Iron-Sulphur  Spring,  Sail-les-Chateaumorand,  France,  81. 

Isar  River,  Germany,  36. 

Isere  River,  France,  79. 

Jacob's  Artesian  Well,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Jalap,  23. 

James  River,  Richmond,  Va.,  118. 

Jamnicer-alkalisch-muriatischen  Sauerlings,  84. 

Jarvisville,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Jeanne  d'Arc,  Pougues-les-Eaux,  Nievre,  France,  spring,  103. 

Jeanne  d'Arc  (Allier),  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Jenkins's  Quarry,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Jenolan  Caves,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Jenzat,  France,  springs,  90. 

Jerseyville,  111.,  waterworks,  artesian  well,  91. 

Johann-Georgen  Spring,  Krankenheil-Tolz,  Germany,  74. 

Johannis  Spring,  Stainz,  Austria-Hungary,  117. 

Johannes  Springs,  Steiermark,  Austria-Hungary.  79. 

Johannesbad,  Vienna,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  82. 

Johannbrunnen,  Luhatschowitz,  Austria- Hungary,  72,  85. 

Johannisbrunnen,  Mahren,  Germany,  95. 

Johnson's  Wells,  Alabama,  107. 

Jordan  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  106,  in. 

Jordan  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia,  106. 

Jordan's  Mineral  Well,  Wisconsin,  108. 


INDEX.  149 


Josefsquelle,  Bilin,  Austria-Hungary,  83. 
Josephsquelle,  Rippoldsau,  128. 
Judenquelle,  Baden.  Germany,  59. 
Julianenbrunnen,  Bad  Eilsen,  Germany,  76. 
Jute  fiber,  7. 

Kaba  Mountain,  East  India,  spring,  98. 

Kaiserbrunnen,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Kaiserquelle,  Aachen,  Germany,  92. 

Kalmia  latifolia,  26. 

Kamenewquelle,  Psekoup,  122. 

Kane  County  Magnesia  Spring,  Illinois,  65. 

Kane  Sulphur  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  106. 

Kantavu,  Fiji  Islands,  spring,  93. 

Karlsbad  Sprudel,  Austria-Hungary,  78. 

Karlsquelle,  Bosnia,  96. 

Karmalinquelle.  Psekoup,  122. 

KaTtner  Romerquelle,  Prevail,  Austria-Hungary,  86. 

Kasimer  Slawinsk,  Poland,  spring,  102. 

Katharien-Bad,  Karnthen,  Austria-Hungary,  100. 

Kava  root,  17. 

Kellberg,  Germany,  spring,  61. 

Kelly's  Camp,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  99. 

Kentucky  Alum  Springs,  112. 

Kesselbrunnen,  Ems,  Germany,  74,  75. 

Keystone  Spring,  Maine,  65. 

Kickapoo  Springs,  Kansas,  53. 

Kidwell's  Quarry,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

King  David  Spring,  Ben  ton  Harbor,  Mich.,  88. 

Kingswood,  England,  spring,  52. 

Kirchdrauf  in  der  Zips,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  120. 

Kirouars,  France,  spring,  57. 

Kittanning  Mineral  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  no. 

Klebelsberg  Spring,  Ischl,  Austria- Hungary,  69. 

Kleininger  Sauerbrunnen,  Karnthen,  Austria  Hungary,  100. 

Klosteralleequelle,  Pyrmont,  Germany,  75. 

Kochbrunnen,  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  74. 

Koeningan,  East  India,  spring,  98. 

Kola-nut,  23. 

Kolop  Sulphur  Spring,  Austria-Hungary,  91. 

Kondran,  Germany,  spring,  124. 

Konig  Ferdinand  Eisenbad,  Weidritzthal,  Austria-Hungary,  127. 

Konigsbrunnen,  Krostreinitz.  Austria-Hungary,  79. 

Kostreiniz,  Steiermark,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  82. 

Kousso,  17. 

Krahnchen,  Ems,  Germany,  74.  75. 

Kronenquelle,  Salzbrunn,  Germany,  116. 


* 50  INDEX. 

Krynica,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  69. 
Kukurtlu,  Brusa,  Asia  Minor,  spring,  121. 
Kulasi,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 
Kuttawa  Mineral  Springs,  kentucky,  107. 

La  Bernerie,  France,  spring,  57. 

La  Reine  Spring,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

Labrador  tea,  2. 

Lacquer  (Uruski),  44. 

Lagrange,  Mo.,  Wyaconda,  artesian  well,  91. 

Lakatah  Springs,  South  Dakota,  67. 

Lake  Derkol,  Turkey,  122. 

Lake  Goguac,  Michigan,  88. 

Lake  Goodenough,  British  Columbia,  126. 

Lake  Michigan,  Chicago,  111.,  89. 

Lake  Superior,  Michigan,  88. 

Lamscheider,  Mineralbrunnen,  Germany,  75. 

Landreth's  Mineral  Well,  Missouri,  109. 

Lane  Mineral  Springs,  California,  64. 

Lansdowne  Well,  Cheltenham,  England,  124. 

Larch  needles,  20. 

Las  Vegas  Hot  Spring,  New  Mexico,  66. 

Lauderdale  Springs,  Mississippi,  107. 

Laurel  root,  26. 

Lawrence,  Mass.,  sewage,  70. 

Leather,  49. 

Lebanon,  Mo.,  artesian  well,  71. 

Lebanon  Thermal  Spring,  New  York,  105. 

Ledum  palustre,  2. 

Lee  County,  Virginia,  spring,  121. 

<(  Legen,"  40. 

Leontodon  taraxacum,  40. 

Leopoldsquelle,  Rippoldsau,  128. 

Lichen,  41. 

Liebenzell,  Wilrttemberg,  Germany,  72. 

Lilac  flowers  and  leaves,  42. 

Linden  leaves,  7. 

Lindenbrunnen,  Zlatten,  Austria-Hungary,  58. 

Lincoln  Springs,  Kansas,  53. 

Lineville  Mineral. Springs,  Iowa,  65. 

Lippa,  Austria -Hungary,  spring,  119. 

Lithium  Spring,  Omio,  Kans.,  53. 

Litton  Seltzer  Springs,  California,  64. 

Llangammarch.  spring,  86. 

Loc'endol,  Austria-Hungary,  well  and  spring,  84. 

Loch  Katrine,  Scotland,  126. 

Loire  River,  Orleans,  France,  69. 


INDEX.  1 5  I 


London,  England,  water  supply,  79. 

Londonderry  Lithia  Spring,  New  Hampshire,  66. 

Long  Island,  southern  shore,  wells,  84. 

Lonicera  xylosteum,  15. 

Lorain,  Ohio,  artesian  well,  93. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  river,  119. 

Louisenquelle,  Luhatschowitz,  Austria-Hungary,  72,  85. 

Lupine  leaves,  7. 

Luxeuil  Springs,  France,  58,  70. 

Lycopodium,  43. 

Lycopodium  powder,  23. 

Lycopodium  alpinum,  10,  29. 

Lycopodium  annotinum,  12. 

Lycopodium  billardieri,  10. 

Lycopodium  cernuum,  10. 

Lycopodium  c^hamaecyparissus,  I,  16,  29,  31. 

Lycopodium  clavatum,  I,  10,  16,  23,  31. 

Lycopodium  complanatum,  26,  31. 

Lycopodium  denticulatum,  34. 

Lye opodinm phlegmaria,  10,  29. 

Lycopodium  selago,  10. 

Macomb,  111.,  water-works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Madeleine  Spring,  No.  I,  Rennes-les-Bains,  France,  129. 

Madeleine  Spring,  No.  2,  Rennes-les-Bains,  France,  129. 

Maes  a  picta,  I. 

Magdalen  Spring,  Cayla,  France,  93. 

Magnetic  Mineral  Spring,  Indiana,  65. 

Magnetic  Spring  No.  2,  Riverside,  Mich . ,  108. 

Mala  Kiselica,  Srebrenica,  Bosnia,  spring,  97. 

Maiden,  Mass.,  tubular  wells,  70. 

Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Mandarin  orange,  30,  31. 

Manistee  Lake,  Michigan,  88. 

Manitou  Soda  Springs,  Colorado,  64,  65. 

Mansfield,  Mass.,  well,  70. 

Marblehead,  Mass.,  wells,  70. 

Marblehead,  Water  Company,  Swampscott,  Mass.,  wells, 

Mardela  Spring,  Maryland,  65. 

Marden's  quarry,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Maria  Island,  spring,  90. 

Maria  Theresia  Quelle,  Andersdorf,  Austria-Hungary,  96. 

Marien  Sprudel  Spring,  56. 

Marienbrunnen,  Gabernegg,  Austria-Hungary,  78. 

Marienquelle,  Johannisbrunn,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Marienquelle,  Neuhaus,  Germany,  92. 

Marienquelle,  Paderborn,  Germany,  59. 


IS2  INDEX. 

Marienquelle,  Psekoup,  122. 

Marine  Algae,  27,  29. 

Marion  Artesian  Well,  Indiana,  108. 

Mark  West  Springs,  California,  64. 

Marktbrunnen,  Carlsbad,  Austria- Hungary,  97. 

Marktsoole,  Colberg,  Germany,  55. 

Marsilea  quadrifoliata,  IO. 

Marston,  England,  spring,  102. 

Massanetta  Mineral  Springs,  Virginia,  68,  106. 

Matchless  Mineral  Wells,  Alabama,  63. 

Mattigbad,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  89. 

Maxbrunnen,  Kissengen,  Germany,  92. 

McDuff  's  Spring,  Kansas,  53. 

Mechanicsville,  N.  Y.,  spring,  79. 

Medical  Lake,  Washington,  no. 

Medicis  Spring.  Saint-Denis,  France,  81. 

Melle,  Germany,  artesian  well,  123. 

Melle,  Germany,  spring,  123, 

Melrose,  Scotland,  spring,  69. 

Mergentheim,  Germany,  spring,  92. 

Meriweather  County  Warm  Springs,  Georgia,  65. 

Merrill  Spring,  Kansas,  53. 

Meurchin,  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  spring,  78. 

Michailquelle,  Psekoup,  122. 

Midland  Magnetic  Well,  Michigan,  113. 

Midland  Mineral  Spring,  Michigan,  88. 

Middle  or  Dewdrop  Spring,  Greencastle,  Ind.,  108. 

Middletown  Springs,  No.  I,  Vermont,  105. 

Midway  Warm  Springs,  Utah,  67. 

Milboro  Sulphur  Spring,  Virginia,  68. 

Millet,  45. 

Millingtonia  hortensis,  19. 

Mineral  Spring,  No.  I,  Versailles,  III.,  108. 

Mineral  Springs,  Farmwell   Station,  Va.,  106. 

Mineral  Springs,  Hanover,  Pa.,  106. 

Mineral  Well,  Pierre,  S.  Dak.,  109. 

Minnequa  Springs,  Pennsylvania,  67. 

Mississippi  River  water,  52,  116. 

Mitterbad,  Tirol,  spring,  55. 

Modling,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  120. 

Mofetta  di  S.  Quirico,  Tuscany,  Italy,  spring,  102. 

Monmouth,  111.,  water-works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Mono  Basin,  California,  spring,  61. 

Mono  Basin  Warm  Springs,  California,  no. 

Mono  Lake  Spring,  California,  64. 

Monterey,  Mexico,  spring,  89. 

Montezuma,  Ga.,  artesian  well,  118- 

Montezuma,  Ind.,  artesian  well,  91. 


INDEX.  153 


Montpellier,  France,  spring,  100. 

Montvale  Springs,  Tennessee,  107. 

Morchella  esculent  a,  1 6,  29. 

Morel,  16,  29. 

Moresville  Mineral  Springs,  Missouri,  113. 

Moriz  Spring,  Rohitsch,  Austria-Hungary,  58. 

Morphine,  21. 

Moss,  10,  43. 

Moss  Springs  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Mouillere,  Besan9on,  France,  spring,  69. 

Mountain  raspberry,  7. 

Mount  Clemens  Clementine  Well,  Michigan,  89. 

Mount  Clemens  Media  Spring,  Michigan,  108. 

Mount  Clemens  Media  Well,  Michigan,  89 . 

Mount  Clemens  Mineral  Well,  Michigan,  108. 

Mount  Clemens  Original  Well,  Michigan,  89. 

Mount  Clemens  Soolbad  Spring,  Michigan,  108. 

Mount  Mineral  Spring,  Shutesbury,  Mass.,  71. 

Miihlbrunnen,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Miihlbrunnen,  Ober-Salzbrunn,  Austria-Hungary,  125. 

Miillaken,  Upper  Austria,  springs,  71. 

Mullein,  14. 

Munger's  laundry,  Chicago,  111.,  artesian  well,  91. 

Murquelle,  Baden,  Germany,  59. 

Musa  paradisica,  18. 

Mushroom,  edible,  15. 

Muskegon  Lake,  Michigan,  88. 

Mush  Pot  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Myrtle  leaves  and  stems,  15. 

Myrtus  cheken,  15- 

N'Gon9a,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Naiwaschasee,  Massailand,  East  Africa,  spring,  IOI. 

NatronsSuerling,  Nassau,  Germany,  101. 

Natural  soda-water,  Passug,  115. 

Navioci,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Neponset  River,  Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  70. 

Neubrunnen,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Neubrunnen,  Radein,  Austria-Hungary,  117. 

Neue  Badequelle,  Ems,  Germany,  75 . 

Neue  Belvedraquelle,  Switzerland,  83. 

Neuenhainerquelle,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Neue  Quelle,  Ems,  Germany,  74. 

Neue  Quelle,  Mahren,  Germany,  95. 

Neue  Stahlquelle,  Lobenstein,  Germany,  117. 

Neumarkt,  Germany,  spring,  58. 

Neuragozi,  Germany,  spring,  123. 


154  INDEX. 

New  Baden  Spring,  Missouri,  109. 

New  Hot  Spring,  Virginia,  106. 

New  Jersey  tea,  9. 

New  Johannes  Spring,  Neuhaus,  Austria-Hungary,  79. 

New  Putnam  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

New  Spring,  St.  Moritz,  Switzerland,  83. 

Newsonis  Arroyo  Grande  Springs,  California,  64. 

Neyrac,  France,  spring,  90. 

Niederbronn,  Germany,  72,  87. 

Nieder  Langenau,  spring,  1 16. 

Niederselters,  Germany,  spring,  75. 

Nochemo  Spring,  Reed  City,  Mich.,  88. 

North  Carolina  Hot  Springs,  67. 

North  or  Daggy  Spring,  Greencastle.  Ind.,  107. 

O  Tura  Sauerling,  Austria-Hungary,  127. 

Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs,  New  York,  no. 

Oak  Orchard  Acid  Water,  New  York,  no. 

Oats,  18. 

Oberbrunnen,  Ober-Salzbrunn,  Germany,  76,  125. 

Oberbrunnen,  Flinsberg,  Silesia,  116. 

Oberquelle,  Bussang,  France,  128. 

Ochsenhausen,  Bieberach,  Germany,  spring,  73. 

Octagon  Bath,  Virginia,  106. 

Oestringer,  Langenbrllcken,  Germany,  spring,  127. 

Ofener  Rakoczy  Bitterwasser,  125. 

Ohe  River,  36,  129. 

Ohio  Magnetic  Spring,  107. 

Ojo  Caliente,  N.  M.,  spring,  82. 

Old  Alum  Well,  Harrowgate,  England,  68. 

Old  Faithful  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Old  Johannes  Spring,  Neuhaus,  Austria-Hungary,  79. 

Old  man's  beard,  41. 

Old  Spring,  St.  Moritz,  Switzerland,  57,  83. 

Olgaquelle,  Psekoup,  122. 

Olympian  Salt  Sulphur  Spring,  Kentucky,  107. 

Olympian  White  Sulphur  Spring,  Kentucky,  107. 

Ophelia  chirata,  19. 

Ophiglossum  vulgatum,  10. 

Opium,  39. 

Opuntia  vulgaris,  25. 

Orange  peel,  25. 

Oranien  Quelle,  Kreuznach,  Germany,  54. 

Orchard  Alum  Spring,  England,  123. 

Orchesterquelle,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Orezza,  Island  of  Corsica,  spring,  116. 

Orites  excelsa,  33. 


INDEX.  155 


Orkney  Bear  Wallow  Spring,  Virginia,  in. 
Orkney  Healing  Spring,  Virginia,  in. 
Orkney  Powder  Spring,  Virginia,  in. 
Ostgothenquelle,  Bormio,  Italy,  80. 
Ottawa  River,  Montreal,  Canada,  83. 
Ottilienquelle,  Paderborn,  Germany,  59. 
Ouargla,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 
Overall  Mineral  Wells,  Texas,  67. 
Owasso  City,  Mich.,  well,  88. 
Owasso  Mineral  Spring,  Michigan,  66. 
Owatonna  Mineral  Spring,  Minnesota,  109. 
Owatonna  Vichy  Spring,  Minnesota,  109. 
Owens  Lake,  California,  61,  118,  119. 

Pacific  Congress  Springs,  California,  64. 

Pagoda  Spring,  Mount  Clemens,  Mich.,  89. 

Pagoda  (Napa-Soda)  Spring,  California,  64. 

Palanka,  Servia,  spring,  93. 

Palmyra  Springs,  Eye  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Palmyra  Springs,  Zenobia's  Fountain,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Palo  Pinto  Well,  Texas,  107. 

Panacea  Spring,  Littleton,  N.  C.,  107. 

Pandur,  Kissingen,  Germany,  spring,  92. 

Panic  grass,  12. 

Panicum  capillare,  12. 

Panicum  cruscorvi,  45. 

Panicum  italicum,  45. 

Panicum  tnonostachyum,  12. 

Pantelleria  Island,  Italy,  58. 

"Paprika,"  7. 

Paracelsus  Spring,  St.  Moritz,  Switzerland,  57. 

Paramo  de  Ruiz,  New  Granada,  spring,  92. 

Parana  River,  above  union  with  Rio  de  la  Plata,  87. 

Pareira,  31. 

Paris,  France,  melted  snow,  124. 

Park  Spring,  Wisconsin,  109. 

Park's  Springs,  North  Carolina,  67,  107. 

Parmelia  scruposa,  40. 

Paroquet  Springs,  Kentucky,  1 12. 

Passaic  River,  New  Jersey,  119. 

Passy,  France,  artesian  well,  115. 

Paulaquelle,  Mahren,  Germany,  95. 

Paulaquelle,  Johannisbrunn,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Paullina  sorbilis,  28. 

Pavilion  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Paw-paw,  28. 

Pearl  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 


156  INDEX. 

Peas,  8,  34,  45- 

Pengalengen  Plateau,  East  India,  spring,  98. 

Peninsula  of  Methana,  spring,  68. 

Penon  de  los  Banos,  Mexico,  spring,  92. 

Pepperwort,  38. 

Perry  Spring,  No.  3,  Lower  Sulphur,  Illinois,  114. 

Peru,  111.,  water- works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Petalostigma  quadriloculare,  15* 

Peterborough  County,  Ontario,  artesian  well,  51. 

Petersquelle,  Petersthal,  Germany,  58. 

Petite  Source,  Challes,  France,  128. 

Pfaefers-Ragatz,  Switzerland,  spring,  90. 

Pfister's  Spring,  Kansas,  109. 

Phallusia  mammilaris,  50. 

Phaseolus  radiatus,  44,  45. 

Philippsquelle,  Orb,  Germany,  120. 

Phytolacca  decandra,  15. 

Piedmont  White  Sulphur  Iron  Springs,  California,  64. 

Pinus  larix,  20. 

Pinus  pumilio,  41. 

Pinus  sylvestris,  21,  22,  41. 

Piper  methysticum,  17. 

Piscidia  erythrina,  bark,  23. 

Pittsville  Wells,  Cheltenham,  England,  124. 

Plane  tree  leaves,  38. 

Plant  ago  major.  36. 

Plantago  maritima,  17. 

Plant  ago  media,  16. 

Plantain,  16,  36. 

Plantain  seed,  17. 

Pliniusquelle,  Bormio,  Italy,  80. 

Plums,  37. 

Poison  ivy,  21. 

Poke  weed  root,  15. 

Pokolsar,  spring,  73. 

Poland  Star  Spring,  Maine,  105. 

Polygonum  hydropiper,  38. 

Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  16. 

Pomegranate  root  bark,  34. 

Poncho  Hot  Springs,  Colorado,  65. 

Pont-a-Mousson,  France,  spring,  79. 

Ponte  Molle,  Italy,  spring,  72. 

Poppy  petals,  39. 

Portion,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Portulaca  oleracea,  14. 

Port  Vendres,  France,  subterranean,  71. 


INDEX.  157 


Poschitz,  Austria. Hungary,  spring,  86. 

Posidonia  oceanica,  33. 

Potash  Sulphur  Spring,  Arkansas,  61. 

Potato  weed,  14. 

Prajan  Spring.  Res.  Madioen,  East  India,  98. 

Pre  No.  I  Spring,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

Pre  Saint  Didier  Springs,  Courmayeur,  Italy,  51. 

Precieuse  (Allier),  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Preblauer  Sauerbrunnen,  Karnthen,  Austria- Hungary,  100. 

Preservatives,  132. 

Prickly  ash  bark,  23. 

Prickly  chaff  flower,  39. 

Prickly  pear,  25,  30. 

Primrose,  42. 

Primula  farinosa,  42 . 

Princess  Spring,  Caylus,  France,  93. 

Protopterus  annectus,  50. 

Providence  Mineral  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Prugnes,  France,  spring,  93. 

Prunus  cerasus,  21. 

Prunus  domestica,  37. 

Prunus  spinosa,  32. 

Psekoup  Springs,  122. 

Psilotum  triquetrum,  10. 

Puits  Chomel,  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Pulaski  Alum  Spring,  Virginia,  in. 

Purslane,  14. 

Putnam  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Quelle  an  der  Strasse,  Srebrenica,  Bosnia,  96. 

Quelle  Marie,  Bussang,  France,  128. 

Quelle,  No.  19,  Katherienbad,  Wiirttemberg,  Germany,  72. 

Quelle  zu  Raggel,  Voralberg,  Austria- Hungary,  87. 

Quirinusquelle,  Aachen,  Germany,  92. 

Racoczy,  Kissingen,  Germany,  spring,  92. 

Rafifanelo,  Italy,  spring,  98. 

Ragaz-Pfaffers,  spring,  115. 

Ragweed,  14. 

Rajecz-Toplitz,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  77. 

Raleigh's  Mineral  Spring,  Box  Springs,  Tennessee,  112. 

Raleigh's  Mineral  Spring,  Marble  Springs,  Tennessee,  112. 

Ramalina  fraxinea,  22. 

Ranigsdorf  Sauerling,  85. 

Ranunculus  fluitans,  32. 

Rape  seed,  2. 


158  INDEX. 

Rape  straw,  2. 

Raso,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Ravenden  Spring,  Arkansas,  112. 

Rawley  Springs,  Main  Fountain,  Virginia,  106. 

Reading,  Mass.,  filter  gallery,  70. 

Red  bean,  45. 

Red  Boiling  Springs,  Tennessee,  67. 

Red  clover  tops,  23. 

Red  currant  juice,  21. 

Red  grape  stalks,  24. 

Red  grapes,  24. 

Red  peppers,  husk,  7. 

Reindeer  moss,  41. 

Renaulme  Spring,  Saint-Denis,  France,  81. 

Rhatany,  17. 

Rhine  River,  Germany,  69,  125. 

Rhododendron,  32. 

Rhododendron  ferrugineum,  32. 

Rhone  River,  Geneva,  Switzerland,  69. 

Rhubarb  roots,  8. 

Rhus  aromatica,  18. 

Rhus  glabra,  14. 

Rhus  toxicodendron,  21. 

Rhus  vernicefera,  44. 

Ribarska  banja,  Servia,  93. 

Rice,  34,  45- 

Rice  straw,  33. 

Richard  Spring,  Bagneres-de-Luchon,  France,  73. 

Richard  Spring,  Cransac,  France,  128. 

Richfield  Sulphur  ^Spring,  New  York,  105. 

Rieumajou,  France,  spring,  73. 

Riggio-Emilia,  Italy,  spring,  60. 

Rio  de  la  Plata,  87,  120. 

Rio  Vinagre,  San  Antonio,  Colombia,  57. 

Rjecicaquelle,  Maglaj.  Bosnia,  96. 

Roanoke  Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia,  68,  106. 

Rochefort,  France,  artesian  well,  118. 

Roches  (Beaurepaire),  France,  spring,  90. 

Rock  Enon  Springs,  Virginia,  106. 

Rock  Flat  Spring,  New  South  Wales,  99. 

Rockbridge  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  80,  106,  ill. 

Rockford,  111.,  artesian  well,  91. 

Rockford,  111.,  water- works,  artesian  well,  91. 

Roddes,  France,  spring,  124. 

Roggendorff,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  80, 102. 

Roman  Brine  Spring,  Torda,  Austria- Hungary,  102. 


INDEX.  1 59 

Roman  Spring,  Sail-les-Chateaumorand.  France,  81. 

ROmerbrunnen,  Echzell,  Wetterau,  114. 

Romerquelle,  Ems,  Germany,  75. 

Roncegno,  South  Tyrol,  spring,  77. 

Rosa  renwntana,  I. 

Rose  Spring,  Caylus,  France,  93. 

Rosenau,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  86. 

Rosenquelle,  Aachen,  Germany,  92. 

Roscicrucian  Spring,  Maine,  105. 

Rosheim,  France,  spring,  116. 

Rothenbrunnen,  Voralberg,  Austria-Hungary,  87. 

Rothenfelser  Mineralquelle,  Baden,  Germany,  59. 

Roufaque,  spring,  71. 

Royal  William  Medical  Establishment,  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  spring,  75. 

Royat  Spring,  France,  90. 

Rubus  articus,  7. 

Rue  de  la  Prefecture,  Besan^on,  France,  well,  69. 

Ruiz  Volcano  Hot  Spring,  57. 

Rumex  obtusifolius,  14. 

Rut  a  herb  a,  23. 

Rye,  39. 

Sabadilla  seed,  23. 

Sacramento,  Cal.,  river,  119. 

Saginaw,  Mich.,  water-supply,  88. 

Saint-Denis  Spring,  France,  81. 

Saint-Honore,  France,  spring,  81. 

Saint-Leon,  Pougues-les-Eaux,  Nievre,  France,  103. 

Saint-Louis  No.  I  (Allier),  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Saint-Mart,  France,  spring,  90. 

Saint-Thiebaut,  France,  spring,  80. 

Saint- Yorre  (Allier),  Frobert,  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Salinensoole,  Colberg,  Germany,  55. 

Salix  vitellina,  29- 

Salles-la-Source,  Aveyron,  France,  57. 

Salmade,  Bussang,  France,  spring,  128. 

Salt  Sulphur  Iodine  Spring,  Virginia,  106. 

Salvinia  natans,  10. 

Salzquelle,  Kronthal,  Germany,  93. 

Salzquelle,  Petersthal,  Germany,  58. 

Salzschlirf,  Fulda,  Germany,  spring,  90. 

Sambucus  nigra,  root,  19,  42. 

San  Francesco  Spring,  Spolato.  125. 

Sandefjord,  Sweden,  spring,  123. 

Santa  Barbara  Hot  Springs,  California,  64. 

Santa  Rosa  White  Sulphur  Springs,  California,  64. 


l6o  INDEX. 

Santa  Ysabel  Sulphur  Springs,  California,  64. 

Sarsaparilla,  17,  25. 

Sassafras,  14. 

Sassafras  officinale,  14. 

Sauerbrunn,  Ebriach,  Austria-H angary,  52. 

Sauerbrunnen,  Karnthen.  Austria-Hungary,  IOO. 

Sauerbrunnen,  Radein,  Austria-Hungary,  117. 

Sauerling  Bades  Vellach  Quelle,  No.  II.  Germany,  100. 

Sauerling  Bades  Vellach  Quelle,  No.  Ill,  Germany,  100. 

Sauerling  Bades  Vellach  Quelle,  No.  IV,  Germany,  100. 

Sauerling  Bades  Vellach  Quelle,  No.  V,  Germany,  100. 

Sauerling,  Bistrica,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Ebriach,  Germany,  100. 

Sauerling,  Dragunje,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Dubnica,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Jasenica,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Kiseljack,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Ljeskovica  (Giftquelle),  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Slatina  Ilidze,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerling,  Tesanj,  Bosnia,  96. 

Sauerquelle,  Apatovac,  Austria-Hungary,  95. 

Saule  d'Urfe  Spring,  Sail-les-Chateaumorand,  France,  81. 

Saxon,  Switzerland,  spring,  81,  118. 

Schillingsforst  Spring,  Germany,  130. 

Schlammkessel,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Schlangenbad,  Germany,  spring,  74. 

Schliefheiner,  moor,  129. 

Schlossbrunnen,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  78,  97. 

Schoneck,  Russia,  spring,  86. 

Schooley's  Mountain  Spring,  New  Jersey,  105. 

Schutzenhofquelle,  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  76. 

Schwefelwasser  Bades  Hopfreben,  Voralberg,  Austria-Hungary,  87. 

Schweizerhalle,  Basel,  Switzerland,  spring,  98. 

Sclafani,  Italy,  spring,  103. 

Scotch  pine,  41. 

Scotch  pine  needles,  20. 

Scotch  pine  pollen,  22. 

Sea  weed,  28,  33. 

Secale  cereale,  29. 

Secale  cornutum,  18,  29,  37. 

Seebruch,  Austria -Hungary,  spring,  70,  IOI, 

Seifersdorf,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  97. 

Seine  River,  Bercy,  France,  69, 

Selaginella,  29. 

Selaginella  martensii,  IO. 

Selaginella  spinulosa,  IO» 


INDEX.  l6l 


Sellers,  Germany,  artesian  well,  76. 

Seltzer  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Semen  cina:,  15. 

Semlitsch  Spring,  Radein,  Austria-Hungary,  117. 

Seon,  Germany,  spring,  71. 

Serneus,  Switzerland,  spring,  114. 

Seven  Springs,  Abingdon,  Va.,  in. 

Sevigne  (Allier),  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Shaft  Spring,  Torda,  Austria-Hungary,  102. 

Shealtiel  Mineral  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Sheboygan  Mineral  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Sheboygan,  Wis.,  artesian  well,  60,  119. 

Shenandoah  Alum  Spring,  Virginia,  106. 

Shepherd's  purse,  13. 

Sheridan  Springs,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Shiawassee  River,  Owasso,  Mich.,  88. 

Siebenbiirg,  Austria- Hungary,  spring,  129. 

Siloam  Springs,  Iowa,  109. 

Silurian  Spring,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Silverthorne's  Well,  Broken  Hill,  New  South  Wales,  99 

Sinnbergerquelle,  Brtickenau,  Germany,  120. 

Sissipan,  East  India,  spring,  98. 

Skagg's  Hot  Springs,  California,  no. 

Slanik,  Roumania,  spring,  124. 

Slatersville,  N.  Y.,  spring,  127. 

Slatina  Ilidze,  spring,  96. 

Sloe.     ( See  Black  thorn. ) 

Smithville,  Ga.,  artesian  well,  118. 

Smodelac,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Soda  Butte  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Soda  Spring,  Berkshire,  Mass.,  127. 

Soda  Spring,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  77. 

Soja  hispida,  45. 

Solatium  carolinense,  14. 

Solfatare,  Puzzuoli,  Italy,  69. 

Soljanka,  Ciechocinek,  Poland,  spring,  129. 

Someraubad,  Mahren,  Germany,  123. 

Soolquelle.  Kammin,  Germany,  56. 

Soolsprudel,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Soolsprudel  I,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Soolsprudel  III,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Soolsprudel  IV,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Soolsprudel  VII,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Soolsprudel  X,  Nassau,  Germany,  60. 

Sophienquelle,  Petersthal,  Germany,  58. 

Sour  Lake  Mineral  Springs,  Texas,  112. 


1 62  INDEX. 

Sour  Springs,  Texas,  112. 

Source  de  la  Place,  Bourbonne,  France,  73. 

Source  de  1'hdpital,  France,  81. 

Source  de  1'interieur  de  1'etablissement,  Bourbonne,  France,  73. 

Source  de  Sainte-Catherine,  Plombieres,  France,  82. 

Source  des  Bains  Nouveaux,  Sylvanes,  France,  100. 

Source  des  Demoiselles,  Vittel,  France,  100. 

Source  des  Moines,  Sylvanes.  France,  100. 

Source  des  Petites  Baignoires,  Sylvanes,  France,  100. 

Source  des  Petites-Eaux,  Sylvanes,  France,  100. 

Source  du  Crucifix,  Plombieres,  France,  82. 

Source  du  ferrugineuse  de  Bourdeille,  Plombieres,  France,  82. 

Source  du  Mont  Cornador,  Saint  Nectaire,  57. 

Source  du  Puits,  Cusset,  Franxce,  81. 

Source  du  Savonneuse,  Plombieres,  France,  82. 

Source  ferrugineuse,  Plombieres,  France,  100. 

Source  Grande  Grille,  France,  81. 

Source  Marie,  Vittel,  France,  100. 

Source  nouvelle,  France,  81. 

Source  Pre  Sale,  Vichy,  France,  81. 

Source  principale,  Challes,  France,  128. 

Source  Roques,  France,  59. 

Source  Roquette,  France,  59. 

Source  Rouge,  Saint  Nectaire,  57. 

Source  Saint-Louis,  France,  60. 

Source-basse  Richard,  Cransac,  France,  81. 

Source-haute  Richard,  Cransac,  France,  81. 

Sources  de  Fraysse,  France,  59. 

Sources  des  Dames,  Plombieres,  France,  82,  100. 

South  Dakota  Hot  Springs,  Mammoth  Mineral  Springs,  67. 

South  Park,  Col.,  spring,  127. 

Spanish  moss,  25. 

Sparta  Artesian  Well,  Wisconsin,  54. 

Sparta  Mineral  Magnetic  Well,  Wisconsin,  1 13. 

Sphagnum  cuspidatum,  41. 

Sphagnum  moss,  41. 

Spiegelbad  No.  I,  Trentschin  Toplitzer  Bad,  Austria- Hungary,  89. 

Splendid  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Sponge,  49. 

Spring  Bir  Keraui,  82. 

Sprudel,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Sprudel  Spring  I,  56. 

Sprudel  Spring  II,  56. 

Spurge,  42. 

St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  artesian  well,  61. 

St.  Clair  Mineral  Spring,  Mich.,  66. 


INDEX.  163 


St.  Clair  Spring,  Oakland  House  Well,  Mich.,  89. 

St.  Croix  Mineral  Spring,  Wisconsin,  108. 

St.  Dunstan's  Well,  Melrose,  Scotland,  85. 

St.  Gothard  Spring,  Ceneda,  Italy,  56. 

St.  Helena,  Battaglia,  Italy,  springs,  120. 

St.  John's  breadfruit,  30. 

St.  Lawrence  River,  Pointe-des-Cascades.  Canada,  83. 

St.  Leon,  Canada,  spring,  60,  83. 

St.  Lorenz  Hot  Spring,  Leuk,  Switzerland,  98. 

St.  Moritz,  Switzerland,  springs,  115. 

St.  Paul  Spring,  Rouen,  France,  77. 

St.  Peter's,  Macomb,  111.,  spring,  91. 

St.  Petersquelle,  Tiefenkasten,  115. 

Stachelberg.  Switzerland,  spring,  121. 

Stafford  Spring,  Connecticut,  65. 

Stahl,  Germany,  spring,  124. 

Stahlbrunnen  (Hermannsborn),  Pombsen,  Germany,  126. 

Stahlbrunnen,  Pyrmont,  Germany,  74. 

Stahlbrunnen,  Wassenach,  55. 

Stahlquelle,  Nassau,  Germany,  93. 

Star  anise,  32. 

Staraja-Russa,  Russia,  artesian  well,  120. 

Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada,  55. 

Steben,  Germany,  spring,  78,  117. 

Stereocaulon  vesuvianum,  9. 

Sterling,  111.,  artesian  well,  91. 

Stickweed,  14. 

Stolypin,  Russia,  spring,  120. 

Stoughton,  Mass.,  well,  70. 

Strawberry  juice,  21. 

Stribling  or  Augusta  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  III. 

Strontia  Mineral  Spring,  Maryland,  106. 

Sudliche  Drainagequelle,  Psekoup,  122. 

Sugar  cane,  27. 

Suippe  River,  France,  99. 

Suliguli,  spring,  80. 

Sulphur  Bath  or  Ladies'  Sulphur  Bath,  Virginia,  106. 

Sulphur  Spring  A,  Lostorf,  Switzerland,  57. 

Sulphur  Spring,  Livern,  Germany,  124. 

Sulphur  Spring,  Oberdorf,  Germany,  58. 

Sulphur  Spring,  Sail-les-Chateaumorand,  France,  81. 

Sulphur  Spring,  Schinznach,  Switzerland,  57. 

Sulz.  Germany,  spring,  117. 

Sulzbach,  Germany,  spring,  102. 

Sumach,  14,  18. 

Summit  Soda  Springs,  California,  64,  no. 


1 64  INDEX. 

Sunflower  seeds,  43. 

Suzon  Spring,  Dijon,  France,  69. 

Sweet  potato,  18. 

Sweet  Springs  (Akesion),  Missouri,  109. 

Sweet  Springs  (Sweet),  Missouri,  109. 

Syringa  imlgaris,  42. 

Talladega  Spring,  Alabama,  107. 

Tarasp,  Switzerland,  springs,  83. 

Tarbragar  River,  near  Dubbo,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  99. 

Tarqntum,  Pa.,  artesian  well,  123. 

Taro,  1 8. 

Tarrella,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Taurus  Geyser,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Tayuya,  27. 

Te  Aroha,  Queensland,  springs,  93. 

Te  Tarata  Hot  Spring,  New  Zealand,  121. 

Tea,  32. 

Tempelbrunnen,  Rohitsch,  Germany,  58. 

Temple  Spring,  Oberfranken,  122. 

Tenninger  Bad,  Grisons,  Switzerland,  99. 

Tennstadt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  spring,  98. 

Termini-Imerese,  Palermo,  Sicily,  103. 

Thames  River,  Greenwich,  52. 

Thames  River,  London,  52,  79. 

Thames  River,  Twickenham,  England,  61. 

7"hapsia  garganica,  48. 

Thapsia  sylphium,  48. 

Therese  Sulphur  Spring,  Fumades,  France,  55. 

Theresienbrunnen,  Carlsbad,  Austria-Hungary,  97. 

Thermal  Acid  Spring,  California,  64,  113. 

Thompson's  Bromine-arsenic  Spring,  North  Carolina,  66. 

Tibia  from  Egyptian  mummy,  50. 

Tickle  grass,  12. 

Tilford's  Mineral  Well,  Tennessee,  107. 

Tillandsia  dianthoidea,  25. 

Tittabawassee  River,  Michigan,  88. 

Tobacco,  13,  18,  19,  34,  40. 

Tobacco  leaves  and  screenings,  8,  31. 

Tobelbad,  Steiermark,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  95. 

Tokiew,  Caucasus,  spring,  55. 

Tolenas  Springs,  California,  64,  no. 

Tongern,  Belgium,  spring,  90. 

Tonnissteiner  Heilbrunnen,  Germany,  75,  91. 

Tonnissteiner  Stahlbrunnen,  Germany,  75. 

Topeka  Mineral  Wells,  Kansas.  65. 


INDEX.  165 


Toplitz,  Mahren,  Germany,  spring,  123. 

Torpasaltkalle,  Lilla  Edet,  Sweden,  56. 

Tougourt,  Sahara,  Africa,  well,  87. 

Touzla  Spring,  Asia  Minor,  121. 

Traverse  Bay,  Michigan,  88. 

Tree  fern,  New  Zealand,  10,  n. 

Trefriw,  Wales,  spring,  59. 

Trentham  Spring,  Georgia,  65. 

'J  rianosperma  ficifolia,  27. 

Trinkquelle,  Driburg,  Germany,  74. 

Trinkquelle,  Elster,  Germany,  122. 

Trinkquelle  No.  10,  Trinkhalle,  Wurttemberg,  Germany,  72. 

Triton  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  60. 

Truffles,  9. 

Tschehirghe,  Anatolia,  Asia  Minor,  spring,  115. 

Tsuga  canadensis,  2. 

Tuber  magnatum,  29. 

Tiiber  melanosporum,  29. 

Turban  and  Grand  Geysers,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Turf  moss,  16. 

Tuscan  (or  Lick)  Springs,  California,  64. 

Tuscarora  Lithia  Spring,  Pennsylvania,  67. 

Tuscarora  Sour  Spring,  Brantford,  Canada,  83. 

Tussilago  farfara,  8. 

TJmgemach,  Baden-Baden,  Germany,  spring,  59. 

Union  Spring,  Saratoga.  N.  Y.,  60,  105. 

United  States  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Unity  Springs,  (Iron  Spring),  New  Hampshire,  105. 

Ursprung,  Baden,  Germany,  59. 

Usnea,  16. 

Usnea  barbata,  41. 

Utah  Hot  Springs.  67. 

Utley  Mineral  Spring,  Wisconsin,  109. 

Val  Sinestra,  Switzerland,  springs,  84. 
Valdagno,  Italy,  spring,  73- 
Valle  del  Gallo,  near  Urbino,  spring,  51. 
Varennes,  Canada,  springs,  83. 
Variety  Springs,  (Alum  Spring),  Virginia,  ill. 
Variolaria  dealbata,  41. 
Veal  breast,  50. 

Velaine-Saint-Aubin,  France,  spring,  116. 
Velika  Kiselica,  Srebrenica,  Bosnia,  spring,  97. 
Verbascum  lhapsus,  14. 
Verbesina  siegesbeckia,  14. 


1 66  INDEX. 

Vesle  River,  France,  99. 

Vesta  Spring,  Wisconsin,  108. 

Vichy  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  105. 

Vicia  faba,  18. 

Victoria  Spring,  Ems,  Germany,  75. 

Victoria  Spring,  Neuenahr,  56. 

Victoria  Spring,  Oberlahnstein.  76. 

Victoria  Well,  Ofen,  Austria-Hungary,  54. 

Vienna  (Josefstadt),  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  115. 

Villecelle,  France,  spring,  52. 

Vincenzbrunnen,  Luhatschowitz,  Austria-Hungary,  72,  85. 

Vincent  (Allier),  Vichy,  France,  spring,  103. 

Virginia  creeper,  40. 

Vic-sur-Cere,  Cantal,  France,  spring,  122. 

Vitis  hederacea,  40. 

Vittel,  France,  spring,  100. 

Voslau,  spring,  121. 

Vrucica,  Bosnia,  spring,  96. 

Wakefield  Sulphur  Well,  Kansas,  53. 

Wallawhatoola  Alum  Springs,  Virginia,  ill. 

Walley's  Hot  Springs,  Nevada,  66. 

Walsh's  quarry.  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Warasdin-Toplitz,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  80- 

Warm  Springs,  Arkansas,  107. 

Warner's  Spring,  Michigan,  108. 

Waroo  Springs,  New  South  Wales,  artesian  well,  100. 

Warwick  Spring,  New  Jersey,  105. 

Washington  Lithia  Well,  Ballston  Spa,  New  York,  105. 

Water  hemlock,  16. 

Wattweiler,  Alsace,  spring,  61. 

Wayland,  Mass.,  filter  gallery,  70. 

Way  land,  Mass.,  reservoir,  70. 

Weaver  Well,  Texas,  112. 

"  Weigmann,"  16. 

Weilbach,  Nassau,  Germany,  spring,  74,  128. 

Weisloch,  Baden,  Germany,  spring,  126. 

Welcome  Island  Lithia  Water,  88. 

Wels,  Austria-Hungary,  spring,  97. 

Wenzelsquelle,  Rippoldsau,  spring,  128. 

Wernarzer,  Brlickenau,  Germany,  spring,  119. 

West  Baden  Spring,  No.  I,  Indiana,  113. 

West  Saratoga  Springs,  Indiana,  108. 

West  Spring,  Joplin,  Mo.,  82. 

West  Sprins,  Langenbruck.  Austria-Hungary,  77. 

Westborough  Insane  Hospital,  Mass..  wells,   70. 


INDEX.  167 


Westerland,  Germany,  artesian  well,  82. 

Western  Butte,  Northwest  Territory,  spring,  86. 

Westliche  Quelle,  Stuttgart,  Germany,  72. 

Wheat,  i,  18,  28,  34,  36,45. 

Wheat  flour,  8,  14,  36. 

Wheat,  milling  products,  5,  36. 

Wheelock,  England,  spring,  102. 

White  birch,  41. 

White  Cliff  Sulphur  Spring,  Tennessee,  107. 

White  currant  juice,  21. 

White  Island,  New  Zealand,  hot  lake,  70. 

White  Mineral  Spring,  Minnesota,  66. 

White  pine  litter,  40. 

White  Rock  Springs,  Wisconsin,  109. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Montana,  126. 

White  Terrace  Geyser,  New  Zealand,  121. 

White  truffle,  29. 

WThite  wine,  17. 

Wiener-Neustadt  Sauerbrunn,  Austria-Hungary,  117. 

Wilcannia,  Tarella,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Wiesen  Spring,  Oberfranken,  122. 

Wilbur  Springs,  California,  64. 

Wilhelms,  Germany,  spring,  124. 

Wilhelmsheilanstalt,  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  75. 

Wilhelmsquelle,  Herzogludolfsbad,  Germany,  103. 

Willow,  29. 

Wine,  6,  16,  21,  24,  33. 

Winsford,  England,  spring,  102. 

Wire  grass,  14. 

Witter's  Mineral  Springs,  California,  64. 

Woburn,  Mass.,  filter  gallery,  70. 

Woburn,  Mass.,  pond.  70. 

Wolf  Trap  Lithia  Springs,  Virginia,  113. 

Wolverton,  England,  spring,  76. 

Woodstock,  111.,  drift  well,  91. 

Wootan  Wells,  Texas,  107. 

Worm  seed,  15. 

Wormwood,  16. 

Wrnjcka  banja,  Servia,  93. 

Wranjaska  banja,  Servia,  93. 

Xanthium  spinosum,  17. 

Yalova  Hot  Spring,  Asia  Minor,  121. 

Yampa  Spring,  Glenwood  Springs,  Colorado,  122. 


1 68 


INDEX. 


Yams.     (See  Sweet  potato.) 

Yarrangobilly  caves,  New  South  Wales,  spring,  99. 

Yeast,  2. 

Yellow  Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia,  in. 

Yellowstone  Lake,  Yellowstone  National  Park,  78. 

Young's  Natural-gas  Well  and  Mineral  Springs,  California,  64. 

Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  well,  88. 

Ypsilanti  Sanitarium,  Mich.,  spring,  89. 

Yvonne,  France,  spring,  103. 

Zauberwasser,  Hudson,  Mich.,  88. 
Zillenbergsoole,  Colberg,  Germany,  55. 
Zoster  a  marina,  2,  1 6. 
Zuckmantel,  Austria- Hungary,  spring,  98. 


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Murray's  Infantry  Drill  Regulations i8mo.  paper,  10 

Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  So 

*  Phelps's  Practical  Marine  Surveying 8vo,  2  50 

Powell's  Army  Officer's  Examiner i2mo,  4  oo 

Sharpe's  Art  of  Subsisting  Armies  in  War i8mo,  morocco,  i  50 

2 


*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives ,  t 8vo  4  oo 

*  Wheeler's  Siege  Operations  and  Military  Mining 8vo,  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law I2mo,  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  50 

Young's  Simple  Elements  of  Navigation i6mo  morocco, 


Second  Edition,  Enlarged  and  Revised i6mo,  morocco, 


oo 


ASSAYING. 
Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

1 2 mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying I2mo,  I  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes lamo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process . .  12010,  i  50 

ASTRONOMY. 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Doolittle's  Treatise  on  Practical  Astronomy 8vo.  4  oo 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayf ord's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

*  Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

*  White's  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy 12 mo,  2  oo 

BOTANY. 

Davenport's  Statistical  Methods,  with  Special  Reference  to  Biological  Variation. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Thome1  and  Bennett's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany i6mo,  2  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider.) 8vo,  2  oo 

CHEMISTRY. 

^driance's  Laboratory  Calculations  and  Specific  Gravity  Tables izmo,  i  25 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Arnold's  Compendium  of  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) Small  8vo,  3  50 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students i2mo,  i  50 

*  Austen  and  Langworthy.      The   Occurrence   of  Aluminium   in   Vegetable 

Products,  Animal  Products,  and  Natural  Waters 8vo,  2  oo 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder. — Nitro-cellulose,  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

Bolton's  Quantitative  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

Brush  and  Penfield's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.  (Boltwood.)  . . .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Cohn's  Indicators  and  Test-papers i2mo,  2  oo 

Tests  and  Reagents 8vo,  3  oo 

Copeland's  Manual  of  Bacteriology.     (In  preparation.) 

Craft's  Short  Course  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  (Schaeffer.) i2mo,  i  SO 

Dolezalek's  Theory    of    the    Lead    Accumulator    (Storage    Battery).     (Von 

Ende) i2mo,  2  50 

Drechsel's  Chemical  Reactions.     (Merrill.) i2mo,  i  25 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Bffront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Brdmann's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Preparations.     (Dunlap.) 12010,  i  25 


Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe 

i2mo,  morocco,    i  50 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2tno,    2  oo 

Fresenius's  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Wells.) 8vo,    5  oo 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     Parti.    Descriptive.     (Wells.) 

8vo,    3  oo 
System   of  Instruction   in    Quantitative    Chemical   Analysis.      (Cohn.) 

2  vols 8vo,  12  50 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,    i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,    3  oo 

*Getman's  Exercises  in  Physical  Chemistry 12010,    2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,    i   25 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Woll.) i2mo,    2  oo 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  of  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.} 8vo,    4  oo 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.     (Morgan.) i2mo,    i  50 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,    2  50 

Hinds's  Inorganic  Chemistry 8vo,    3  oo 

*  Laboratory  Manual  for  Students i2mo,        75 

Holleman's  Text-book  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Cooper.) 8vo,    2  50 

Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker  and  Mott.) 8vo,    2  50 

*  Laboratory  Manual  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker.) i2mo,    i  oo 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,    3  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  .8vo,    i  23 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vor   2  50 

Ladd's  Manual  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis i2mo,    i  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,   3  oo 

Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.     (Lorenz.) i2mo,    i  oo 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control,     (In  preparation.) 

LSb's  Electrolysis  and  Electrosynthesis  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.)  i2mo,    i  oo 
Mandel's  Handbook  for  Bio-chemical  Laboratory 12 mo,    i  50 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe . .  i2mo,       60 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,    4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) i2mo, 

Meyer's  Determination  of  Radicles  in  Carbon  Compounds.     (Tingle.). . i2mo, 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying i2mo, 

Mixter's  Elementary  Text-book  of  Chemistry I2mo, 

Morgan's  Outline  of  Theory  of  Solution  and  its  Results i2mo, 

Elements  of  Physical  Chemistry i2mo, 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco, 

Mulliken's  General  Method  for  the  Identification  of  Pure  Organic  Compounds. 

Vot  I Large  8vo,    5  oo 

Nichols's  Water-supply.     (Considered  mainly  from  a  Chemical  and  Sanitary 

Standpoint,  1883.) 8vo,    2  50 

O'Brine's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,    2  oo 

O'DriscolTs  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,    2  oo 

Ost  and  Kolbeck's  Text-book  of  Chemical  Technology.     (Lorenz — Bozart.) 

(In  preparation,) 
Ostwald's  School  of  Chemistry.     Part  One.     (Ramsey.)     (In  press.) 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,        50 

Pictet's  The  Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.     (Biddle.) 8vo,    5  oo 

Pinner's  Introduction  to  Organic  Chemistry.     (Austen.) i2mo,    i  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8voy    3  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,    i   25? 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

4 


Richards  and  Woodman's  Air  .Water,  and  Food  from  d  Sanitary  Standpoint.  8vo,  2  oo 

Richards's  Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Food  a  Study  in  Dietaries. I2mo,  i  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  The  Dietary  Computer 8vo,  i  50 

Ricketts  and  Russell's  Skeleton  Notes  upon  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Part  I. — 

Non-metallic  Elements.) 8vo,  morocco,  75 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food. 8vo,  4  oo 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  faints  and  Varnish.     (In  press.") 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.*) . .  .  .8vo,  2  50 

Schimpf's  Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis I2tno,  2  50 

Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo,  i  25 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Sugar*Manufacturers  and  their  Chemists. .  i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,  a  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  x  50 

*  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (HalL) 8vo,  3  oo 

Quantitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  'Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) 1 2mo,  i  50 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Wassermann's  Immune  Sera:  Haemolysins,  Cytotoxins,  and  Precipitins.     (Bol- 

duan.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  x  30 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students I2mo,  i  50 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wiechmann's  Sugar  Analysis Small  8vo.  2  50 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  x  50 

Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 

Wulling's  Elementary  Course  in  Inorganic  Pharmaceutical  and  Medical  Chem- 
istry  i2mo,  2  oo 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES  AND    ROOFS.       HYDRAULICS.      MATERIALS    OF    ENGINEERING 
RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments i2mo,  3  oo 

Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  19^X24$  inches.  25 

**  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal.     (Postage, 

27  cents  additional.) 8vo,  net,  3  50 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Davis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  I  oo 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage i2mo,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage i2mo,  x  oo 

FolwelTs  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  3  90 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  30 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements I2mo»  X  75 

Goodrich's  Economic  Disposal  of  Towns'  Refuse 8vo,  3  50 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oc 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth I2mo,  i   25 

Johnson's  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  *  oo 

5 


Kiersted's  Sewage  Disposal i2mo,  i  35 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.)  i2mo,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873.)     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  i  50 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,  2  oo 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors 1 6mo,  morocco,  a  oo 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo  half  leather,  7  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  5. 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics,  wim  Applications  to  Trusses.  Beams,  and 

Arches. 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Trantwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture.  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

*  Wheeler's  Elementary  Course  of  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying ,,,,,,  ,8vo,  3  50 


BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler's  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges. .  8vo,  2  oo 

*        Thames  River  Bridge 4to,  paper,  5  oo 

Burr's  Course  on  the  Stresses  in  Bridges  and  Roof  Trusses,  Arched  Ribs,  and 

Suspension  Bridges 8vo,  3  50 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  II Small  4 to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wooden  Trestle  Bridges. 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Coffer-dam  Process  for  Piers 8vo,  2  50 

Greene's  Roof  Trusses 8vo,  i  25 

Bridge  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone 8vo,  2  50 

Howe's  Treatise  on  Arches 8vo,  4  oo 

Design  of  Simple  Roof-trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,  2  oo 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern  Framed  Structures Small  4to,  10  oo 

Merriman  and  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges: 

Part  I. — Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Part  IL — Graphic  Statics 8vo,  2  50 

Part  HI. — Bridge  Design.    4th  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  2  50 

Part  TV.— Higher  Structures 8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge 4to,  io  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus,  a  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers. . .  i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  s  25 

Wood's  Treatise  on  the  Theory  of  the  Construction  of  Bridges  and  Roofs.Svo,  2  oo 
Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans: 

Part  L  —Plate-girder  Draws 8vo,  2  50 

Part  II.— Riveted-truss  and  Pin-connected  Long-span  Draws 8vo,    2  50 

Two  parts  in  one  volume 8vo,  3  50 

6 


HYDRAULICS. 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from  an 

Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels paper,  i  50 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power 12 mo,  3  oo 

Folwell's  Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Frizell's  Water-power , 8vo,  5  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works i2mo,  2  50 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Hering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supply 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazle  hurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water- works 8vo,  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo,  2  oo 

Mason's   Water-supply.     (Considered   Principally   from   a   Sanitary   Stand- 
point.)   3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics.     oth  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Schuyler's  Reservoirs  for  Irrigation,  Water-power,  and  Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  s  oo 

»*  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Riyers.     (Post.,  44  c.  additional),  4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vot  5  oo 

Wegmann's  Desien  and  Construction  of  Dams 4to,  5  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to'iSgs 4to,  10  oo 

Weisbach's  Hydraulics  and  Hydraulic  Motors.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Wilson's  Manual  of  Irrigation  Engineering Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  a  50 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.     6th  Edi- 
tion, Rewritten 8vo,  7  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.    VoL  I Small  4to,  7  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols 8vo,  750 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Text-book  on  the  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users lamo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

7 


Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France i2mo,  i  25 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement 12 mo,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements 1 2mo,  2  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     3  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I. — Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  II. — Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III. — A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus.     (A  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.) . .  i6mo,  mor.,  3  oo 

Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  i  25 

Wood's  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on  the  Pres- 
ervation of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:  Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  .  .8vo,  4  oo 

RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrews's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers.     3X5  inches,  morocco,  i  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Brooks's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location i6mo.  morocco,  I  50 

Butts's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Crandall's  Transition  Curve i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.    i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:   (1879) Paper,  5  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunneling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills,  4to,  half  mor.,    25  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide 1 6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Howard's  Transition  Curve  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  i  so 

Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments    8vo,  i  oo 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers i6mo,  i  oo 

Nagle's  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  morocco.  3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral. i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,  i  50 

•  Trautwine's  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and 

Embankments  by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  2  oo 

The  Field  Practice  of  [Laying    Out    Circular    Curves    for    Railroads. 

1 2 mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Cross-section  Sheet Paper,  25 

Webb's  Railroad  Construction.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten i6mo.  morocco,  5  oo 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  of  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo,  5  oo 

DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

•  '                "         Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers.    (In  press.) 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

8 


Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  oo 

Jamison's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing.     (In  press.) 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I. — Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II. — Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

MacCord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometrj              ,    , 8vo,  3  oo 

Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism ,    8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing , ,  , 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.    (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design . .  8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Warren's  Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing.  .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations I2mo,  i  25 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing I2mo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Elementary  Problems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow i2mo,  i  oo 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry I2mo,  i  25 

Primary  Geometry .- .  i2mo,  75 

Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

General  Problems  of  Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  oo 

Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Problems.  Theorems,  and  Examples  in  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  50 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  the  Power  of  Transmission.       (Hermann  and 

Klein.)  8vo,  5  oo 

Whelpley's  Practical  Instruction  in  the  Art  of  Letter  Engraving izmo,  2  oo 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Free-hand  Perspective 8vo,  2  50 

Free-hand  Lettering 8vo,  i  oo 

Woolf's  Elementary  Course  in  Descriptive  Geometry. Large  8vo,  3  oo 

'ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics.     (Magie.). ......  .Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Anthony's  Lecture-notes  on  the  Theory  of  Electrical  Measurements i2mo,  i  oo 

Benjamin's  History  of  Electricity 8vo,  3  oo 

Voltaic  Cell 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.    (Boltwood.).  .8vo,  3  oo 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

Diwson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book. .  i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 
Dolezalek's    Theory  of    the    Lead    Accumulator    (Storage    Battery).     (Von 

Ende.) i2mo,  ~2  50 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dvnamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Gilbert's  De  Magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

Hanchett's  Alternating  Currents  Explained i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Holman's  Precision  of  Measurements 8vo,  2  oo 

Telescopic  Mirror-scale  Method,  Adjustments,  and  Tests Large  8vo,  75 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.    (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.  )i2mo,  3  oo 

LoVs  Electrolysis  and  Electrosynthesis  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.)  12 mo,  i  oo 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.     Vols.  I.  and  n.  8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Michie.     Elements  of  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light 8vo,  4  oo 

9 


Niaudef  8  Elementary  Treatise  on  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishoack. ) i2mo,  50 

•  Rosenberg's  Electrical  Engineering.    (Haldane  Gee — Kinzbrunner.). . .  .8vo,  50 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     VoL  L 8vo,  50 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  50 

»  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat. 8vo,  50 

Tory  and  Pitcher's  Manual  of  Laboratory  Physics Small  8vo,  oo 

Hike's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,    3  oo 


LAW. 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,  2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,  7  oo 

*  Sheep,  7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture     8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law i2mo,  2  50 

MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder — Nitro-cellulose  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

Holland's  Iron  Founder i2mo,  2  50 

"  The  Iron  Founder,*'  Supplement. i2mo,  2  50 

Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms  Used  in  the 

Practice  of  Moulding i2mo,  3  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Eff  rent's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i8mo,  i  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron. 8vo,  a  50 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

ControL     (In  preparation.') 

Metcalf's  Steel.    A  Manual  for  Steel-users I2mo,  a  oo 

Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration    of  Workshops, 

Public  and  Private 8vo,  s  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement I2mo,  2  oo 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Handbook  tor  sugar  Manufacturers  and  their  Chemists.. .  i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 
Thurston's  Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice i2mo,  a  -50 

Moulder's  Text-book i2mo,  2  50 

Wiechmann's  Sugar  Analysis Small  8vo,  2  50 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Woodbury's  Fire  Protection  of  Mills 8vo,  2  50 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:   Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  .  .8vo,  4  oo 

10 


MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo,    i  50 

*  Bass's  Elements  of  Differential  Calculus iamo,   4  oo 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry iamo, 

Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo, 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra 8vo, 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  121 


oo 
50 
50 
50 

Answers  to  Dickson's  College  Algebra 8vo,  paper,        25 

25 

75 
50 
75 


*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations   Large  12 mo, 

Halsted's  Elements  of  Geometry 8vo. 

Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry 8vo, 

Rational  Geometry i2mo, 

•Johnson's  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:    Vest-pocket  size paper,  15 

100  copies  for  5  oo 

*  Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8  X 10  inches,  25 

10  copies  for  2  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Small  8vo,  i  50 

Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates i2mo,  i  oo 

Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  Partial  Differential  Equations Small  8vo,  3  50 

Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares i2mo,  i  50 

*  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.)  i2mo,  2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass.     Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,  3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately Each,  2  oo 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman  and  Woodward's  Higher  Mathematics 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,  2  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus .  Sm.f  8vo,  3  oo 

Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one Small  8vo,  2  50 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish.     (In  press.} 

Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Trigonometry:  Analytical,  Plane,  and  Spherical i2mo,  i  oo 

MECHANICAL   ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings iimo,  2  50 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "                 "               "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes I2mo,  2  oo 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Gary's  Smoke  Suppression  in  Plants  using  Bituminous  Coal.      (In  prep- 
aration.) 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,    paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  En- 
gineers.    (In  press.) 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing 12010,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  P'ulieys i2mo,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power I2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving I2mo,  2  oo 

11 


Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication I2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Button's  The  Gas  Engine 8vo,  5  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I. — Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  n.— Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,   morocco,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Mac  Cord's  Kinematics ;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.    (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design.  .8vo,  3  oo 

Richards's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals ,8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Treatise  on   Friction  and    Lost  Work  in   Machinery  and  Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics .  lamo,  x  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vx>,  7  50 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  the  Power  of  Transmission.      Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .8vo,  5  oo 

Hydraulics  and  Hydraulic  Motors.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines Svo,  a  50 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.     6th  Edition, 

Reset Svo,  7  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  a  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics '. 8vo,  7  50 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) 8vo,  7  50 

Merriman's  Text-book  on  the  Mechanic*  of  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Strength  of  Mater»als i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i  amo,  2  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vote.,  Svo,  8  oo 

Part   n. — Iron  and  Steel Svo,  3  50 

Part  in. — A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents. , Svo  2  50 

Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction Svo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials  and  an  Appendix  on  the 

Preservation  of  Timber Svo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics - Svo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:  Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel. .  .Svo,  4  oo 

STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.) i2mo,  x  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  .i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

12 


Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  a  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and  Steam-engine  Economy i2mo,  a  oo 

Button's  Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants 8vo,  5  oo 

Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam-bo'ler  Economy 8vo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo  i  so 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  a  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Peabody's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo,  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors. . 8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boilers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupln's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) i2mo,  i  25 

Reagan's  Locomotives :  Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Rontgen's  Principles  of  Thermodynamics.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management i2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50 

Notes  on  Thermodynamics i2mo,  i  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Handy  Tables 8vo.  i   50 

Manual  of  the  Steam-engine ....  2  vols.  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I. — History,  Structuce,  and  Theory 8vo,  6  oo 

Part  II. — Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indicator  and 

the  Prony  Brake 8vo  5  o» 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice i2mo  i  50 

Manual  of  Steam-boilers ,  Their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation .  8vo,  5  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  and  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  oo 

Wilson's  Treatise  on  Steam-boilers.     (Flather.) i6mo,  2  50 

Wood's  Thermodynamics   Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 


MECHANICS    AND  MACHINERY. 


Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Chase's  The  Art  of  Pattern-making i2mo,  2  50 

Chordal. — Extracts  from  Letters i2mo,  2  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  oo 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal- working i2mo,  50 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  The  Speed  Lathe i2mo,  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  50 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  the  Use  of  Colleges  and 

Schools i2mo,  i  50 

Dingey's  Machinery  Pattern  Making i2mo,  2  oo 

Dredge's  Record  of  the  Transportation   Exhibits  Building  of  the   World's 

Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  half  morocco,  5  oo 

13 


Du  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics: 

VoL     I.— Kinematics ; 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.   n.— Statics ." 8vo,  4  oo 

Vol.  ni.— Kinetics 8vo,  3  50 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  I Small  4to,  7  50 

VoLIL Small  4to,  10  oo 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i6mo,  i  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power iamo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo  2  oo 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Holly's  Art  of  Saw  Filing i8mo,  75 

*  Johnson's  Theoretical  Mechanics izmo,  3  oo 

Statics  by  Graphic  and  Algebraic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I. — Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  n. — Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  a  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

MacCord's  Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Text-book  on  the  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Reagan's  Locomotives:  Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design .  ,8vo,  3  oo 

Richards's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  I. 8vo,  2  50 

Sinclair's  Locomotive-engine  Running  and  Management". i2mo,  2  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Materials  of  Machines ismo,  i  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in  Machinery  and  Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics .  121110,  i  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the  Power  of    Transmission.     (Herrmann-r- 

Klein. ) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.). 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics i2mo,  i  25 

Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 

METALLURGY. 

Egleston's  Metallurgy  of  Silver,  Gold,  and  Mercury: 

VoL   I.— Silver 8vo,  7  So 

VoL  IL— Gold  and  Mercury 8vo,  7  So 

**  Iles's  Lead -smelting.    (Postage  9  cents  additional.) i2mo,  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  50 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.   (Boudouard — Burgess.) .  I2mo,  oo 

Metcalf 's  SteeL    A  Manual  for  Steel-users I2mo,  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  oo 

14 


Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.    In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  II.— Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III. — A  Treatise  on  Brasses.  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Hike's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.     Oblong,  morocco,  a  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  a  oo 

Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals  8vo,  3  50 

Dana's  System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vo,  half  leather,  12  50 

First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  "System  of  Mineralogy." Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them i2mo,  i  50  ' 

Catalogue  of  American  Localities  of  Minerals Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography izmo,  2  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables 8vo,  i  25 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Hussak's  The  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals.     (Smith.)  Small  8vo,  2  oo 

Merrill's  Non-metallic  Minerals:  Their  Occurrence  and  Uses 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  o  50 
Rosenbusch's   Microscopical  Physiography   of  .the   Rock-making   Minerals. 

(Iddings.) ,. 8vo,  5  oo 

»  Tillman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Docks 8vo,  2  oo 

Williams's  Manual  of  Lithology 8vo,  3  oo 

MINING. 

Beard's  Ventilation  of  Mines I2mo,  a  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  2  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunneling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills. 

4to,  half  morocco,  25  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2mo,  2  oo 

Goodyear's  Coal-mines  of  the  Western  Coast  of  the  United  States i2mo,  2  50 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  4  oo 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  QC.  additional.) I2mo,  2  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  i  50 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  i  50  • 

Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining I2mo,  2  oo 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation 12  mo  i  25 

SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

Copeland's  Manual  of  Bacteriology.     (In  preparation.') 

FolwelTs  Sewerage.     (Designing,  Construction  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health I2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration   Works I2mo,  2  50 

15 


Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection i6mo,  i  oo 

Goodrich's  Economical  Disposal  of  Town's  Refuse Demy  8vo,  3  50 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Kiersted's  Sewage  Disposal I2mo,  i  25 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control.     (In  preparation.) 

Mason's    Water-supply.     (Considered    Principally   from   a    Sanitary    Stand- 
point.)    3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) i2mo,  i   25 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,  2  oo 

Nichols's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Mainly  from  a  Chemical  and  Sanitary 

Standpoint.)     (1883.) 8vo.  2  50 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Reference 

to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mor  i   25 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation i2mo,  i  50 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.    A  Study  in  Dietaries i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science i2mo,  i  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
point  8vo,  a  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams'3  The  Dietary  Computer 8vo,  i  50 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  and  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Barker's  Deep-sea  Soundings 8vo,  2  oo 

Emmons's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  8vc  i  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo  4  oo 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management i2mo,  2  50 

Mott's  Composition/Digestibility,  and  Nutritive  Value  of  Food.   Mounted  chart,  i  25 

Fallacy  of  the  Present  Theory  of  Sound i6nio  i  oo 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1824-1894.  Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Rotherham's  Empnasized  New  Testament Large  8vo,  2  oo 

Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog 8vo,  3  5<> 

Totten's  Important  Question  in  Metrology 8vo  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  ot  1893 4to,  i  oo 

Worcester  and  Atkinson.     Small  Hospitals,  Establishment  and  Maintenance, 
and  Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture,  with  Plans  for  a  Small 

Hospital I2mo,  r  25 

HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language 8vo,  3  oo 

Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar i2mo,  i  25 

Hebrew  Chrestomathy 8vo,  2  oo 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,  5  oo 

Letteris'i  Hebrew  Bible «vo ,  2  25 

16 


STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $t.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


APR 

FEB  171947 


LIBRARY  USE 


1 5 1963 


LD  21-100m-7,'40 (6936s) 


YC  21734 


4    4    4  »>  ft  -^ 


s}*i  vtiorthy 

•  A 


